Orchid

A. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
Naturally orchids (Family Orchidaceae) living epiphytic on twigs of trees and other plants, but in growing orchids can be grown in pots filled with a particular media. There are several factors that affect plant growth, such as environmental factors, such as sunlight, humidity and temperature as well as maintenance such as: fertilizing, watering and pest control.

In general, cultivated orchids require the temperature of 28 + 2 ° C with a minimum temperature of 15 ° C. Orchid soil is generally more heat resistant than the orchid pot. But high temperatures can cause dehydration which can inhibit plant growth.

Relative humidity (RH) needed for orchids ranged between 60-85%. The function of high humidity for plants, among others, to avoid evaporation is too high. At night the humidity is maintained so as not to be too high, because it can lead to root rot on young shoots. Therefore tried to be the media in the pot should not too wet. While the humidity is very low during the day can be overcome by means of spray mist (mist) around the plantation with the help of sprayer.

Based on growth patterns, orchids are divided into two types namely, simpodial and monopodial. Orchid orchid type simpodial is not a main stem, flower out of the rod tip back and flowering plants that grow from a child. Except in the orchid species Dendrobium sp. who may issue a new flower stalk on the sides of the trunk. Examples of orchid types simpodial include: Dendrobium sp., Cattleya sp., Oncidium sp. and Cymbidium sp. Orchid type simpodial in general are epiphytes.

Orchid monopodial type of orchid that is characterized by the growing point located at the end of the rod, pertumbuhannnya straight up on one stem. Flowers out of the stem between two leaf armpit. Examples of types of monopodial orchids are: Vanda sp., Arachnis sp., Renanthera sp., Phalaenopsis sp., And Aranthera sp.

Habitat of orchids can be divided into 4 groups as follows:

* Epiphytic orchids, orchid growing is riding on another tree without harming the host plant and require shade from sunlight, for example, Cattleya sp. require light +40%, Dendrobium sp. 50-60%, Phalaenopsis sp. + 30%, and Oncidium sp. 60-75%.
* Terrestrial orchids, orchids that grow in the soil and require direct sunlight, for example Aranthera sp., Renanthera sp., Vanda sp. and Arachnis sp.
Terrestrial orchid plants need sunlight 70-100%, with afternoon temperatures ranged between 19 - 380C, and at night 18-210C. As for the orchid species Vanda sp. broad-leafed requires a bit of shade.
* Orchid litofit, the orchids that grow on rocks, and resistant to full sunlight, such as Dendrobium phalaenopsis.
* Orchid saprophyte, the orchids that grow on media containing humus or leaves, and requires less sunlight, such as Goodyera sp.

B. Cross

Crosses aimed to obtain new varieties with color and interesting shapes, petals and textured thick compact so it can be long lasting as cut flowers, petals of many flowers and no one who died early due to genetic abnormalities as well as high rates of production. Therefore to obtain the expected results, should and should cross the guidelines need to be mastered, among others:

* Crosses should be done in the morning after watering. Selected flowers that are still fresh or after the full opening.
* As a selected female parent who has a strong interest, not quickly wither or fall.
* Knowing the properties of both parent plants to be crossed, in order to deliver the expected results, such as the nature of domination that would look or appear on derivatives such as: color, shape, and others.
* Interest is not attacked by pests, especially in pollen and stigma.
* Each have a good new varieties, should be registered at the "Royal Horticultural Society" in London, by filling out the registration form hybrid orchids with several other requirements.

The steps undertaken in conducting pollination (pollination) are as follows:

* Provide a sheet of white paper and a small stick or toothpick or the like clean.
* Cap polinia contained on the end of the column was opened, which will be seen in it a yellow polinia.
* The tip stick / toothpick moistened with a liquid that is in a white hole or with a little water.
* Polinia taken with caution. Hold the white paper as a container under the flowers to avoid falling at the time when polinia taken.
* Polinia then inserted into the stigma (the stigma).
* Give a label tied around the bud stalk (pedicel) interest contains a record of the date of pollination and the flower's name is taken polinianya.

A few days later that has been pollinated flowers will wilt. If pollination is successful, and if there are no pests, it would be the fruit will continue to develop into fruit. There is a ripe fruit orchids after three months to six months or more. Fruit is ripe will be broke with characterized changes in fruit color from green to yellowish green.

In choosing an orchid seed would be planted in the bottle should be noted as follows:

* Beans are whitish and empty is the seeds that are less good.
* Beans are good that a full round, yellow or brownish
C. SEEDLINGS

Propagation of orchids are generally done in two ways, the conventional method and by in vitro culture. Propagation of plants is done conventionally are as follows:

* Vegetative Propagation malalui resolution / separation of clumps like Dendrobium sp., Oncidium sp., Cattleya sp., And Cymbidium sp.; Cutting plants that child out of the rod-like Dendrobium sp.; Cutting children out of plant roots and flower stalks such as Phalaenopsis sp., which then planted into the same medium such as ferns, mos coconut fibers, charcoal, wood shavings, with a mixture of broken tiles or bricks. Through vegetative propagation of this plant will produce children who have a genetic trait similar to its parent. But conventional vegetative propagation is impractical and unprofitable to plant cut flowers, because the number of seedlings obtained by these methods are very limited.
* Generative Propagation is by seed. Orchid seeds are very small and have no endosperm (food reserves), so that germination in nature is very difficult without the help of fungi that are symbiotic with seeds.

To generate interest in the required quantities and uniform plants in large quantities anyway. Therefore an increase in flower production in orchid plants can only be achieved with an efficient plant propagation business. At this time the method in vitro culture is one way of starting is widely used in clones or vegetative propagation of orchids. In vitro culture was first attempted by Haberlandt in 1902, because of the nature of the plant called totipotensi triggered by two German scholars Schwann and Schleiden in 1830.

Method of in vitro culture of growing vegetative tissues (such as: roots, leaves, stems, buds) and generative tissues (such as: ovule, embryo and seed) on artificial media in the form of liquid or solid aseptically (free of microorganisms).

Generative, seeds obtained through hybrid seeds are genetically the seeds are heterozygous. So that the seeds produced has not steady and diverse nature. This way to get the same plant with the parent is very difficult, because the cross has been growing orchids boulder. However, in this way will obtain new varieties.

Regenerate vegetatively ie vegetative tissues or tissue culture such as roots, leaves, stems or buds on artificial media in the form of liquid or solid aseptically. With this method can be expected to plant propagation can be done quickly and in large numbers, as well as with its parent.

D. PLANTING AND MAINTENANCE

1. Land Preparation

Orchid plants can be planted around the house or yard or garden that is under a shade tree or given paranet or the like by setting a certain light intensity or in open fields. Because orchid plants have high economic potential, then for certain species can be grown in greenhouses (green house). In addition to protecting plants from natural disturbance, would also reduce the intensity of pest attacks.
2. Growing Media Preparation

A good growing medium must meet several requirements, namely not quickly decay, not a source of disease, have good aeration, capable of binding water and nutrients well, easy to obtain in the desired amount and the relatively cheap price. Until now there is no media that meets all the requirements for growing orchids.

For the growth of orchids, medium acidity (pH) is good ranging from 5-6. Growing medium is essential for optimal growth and flower production, so there needs to be an attempt to find a suitable growing medium. Growing medium that is often used in Indonesia are: moss, ferns, wood shavings, pieces of wood, coconut fiber, charcoal and pine bark.

Broken bricks widely used as basic medium orchid pot, because it can absorb more water when compared with the broken tiles. Media brickbat used as the base of the pot, because it has the capability of good drainage and aeration.

Moss containing 2-3% N elements has long been used for medium to grow orchids. Media moss has good water binding power, and have good aeration and drainage as well.

Ferns suitable for orchid media because it has binding power of water, aeration and good drainage, decaying slowly, and contain nutrients necessary for growth of orchids.

Coconut fibers easily become weak and perishable, so it can be a source of disease, but the power to save water is very good and contain the nutrients required and easily available and cheap. In using coconut fibers as the medium grows, you should choose an old coconut fibers.

Coconut coir growing medium, ferns, and moss is a good growing medium for growing orchids Phalaenopsis sp. But when the ferns and moss growing on the forest is taken continuously for use as growing media, it is feared the balance of the ecosystem will be disturbed.

Wood shavings or pieces of wood less suitable for orchid media because it has good aeration and drainage, but the power to save water is not good, and poor elements of N. Weathering process was slow, because the wood contains many compounds that are difficult to decompose such as cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose.

Media teak wood shavings are a good growing medium for growing orchids Aranthera James Storie. Wood charcoal fragments are not quickly decay, is not easily overgrown with fungi and bacteria, but difficult to bind water and nutrient poor. However, charcoal is good enough for orchid media.

The use of new media (repotting) carried out as follows:
* When planted in pots (containers) is too dense or many shoots.
* Medium long been destroyed, resulting in an acidic medium, could be a source of disease.
3. Sprinkling

Orchid plants are actively growing, require more water than those already flowering. The frequency and amount of water spray provided on orchid plants depends on the kind of small and large plant size, as well as environmental conditions of planting. For example, orchids are Vanda sp., Arachnis sp., And Renanthera sp., Namely the type of monopodial orchids that grow in direct sunlight, so it needs watering more than twice a day, especially during the dry season.
4. Fertilization

Like other plants, orchids always need food to survive. Orchid plant nutrient needs will be similar to other plants, orchids just takes a long time to show symptoms of deficiency, binding very slow growth of orchids.

In the cultivation of orchids, their habitats are not sufficiently able to provide the elements needed by plants for growth. To overcome this, the plant is usually given both organic and inorganic fertilizers. Fertilizers commonly used compound fertilizer containing the macro and micro elements.

The quality and quantity of fertilizer can regulate the balance of vegetative and generative plant growth. At the vegetative growth phase for the plants are still small ratio of NPK is 30:10:10, the phase of vegetative growth to the plants in a medium-sized fertilizer NPK ratio is 10:10:10. While the generative growth phase which is to stimulate flowering, the ratio of NPK is 10:30:30.

If the fertilizer into the pot then the only fertilizer that dissolves in water and direct contact with the tip of the root to be taken by the orchids and the rest will remain in the pot. Fertilization in the afternoon showed a good growth response in the orchid Dendrobium sp.

E. OBSERVATIONS AND CONTROL OPT

1. Pest

1. Red mites Tennuipalvus orchidarum Parf; Order: Acarina; Family: Tetranychidae
1) Host Plants: Types that can be attacked by these pests is the Phalaenopsis sp., Dendrobium sp., Orchidium sp., Vanda sp. and Granatophyllium sp., cotton, beans, oranges, and especially the dikotil weeds.
2) Attack Symptoms: Mites reproduce very rapidly and within a short time can cause damage to an abrupt halt. Plant part attacked, among others, leaves and flower stalks. Handle which is attacked will be colored like bronze. On the upper leaf surface are point / yellow or brown spots, then expand and the entire leaf becomes kuning.Pada lower surface silvery white and yellow pseudo-upper. At the level of advanced attack mottled brown and the leaves will turn black and then fall. On leaves Phalaenopsis sp. initially and then silvery white to yellow. These pests can be contagious either in the wet season and dry season, but generally increased attacks in the dry season, whereas in the rainy season was reduced due to water-borne attacks. Damage can occur from the nursery.
3) Biology: red mites, very small size that is 0.2 mm so it is difficult to see with the naked eye. Mites can be found in the leaves, leaf midrib and other hidden parts. Mite eggs are red, round and placed lengthwise on the upper leaf surface.

2. Elephant beetle Orchidophilus aterrimus (= Acythopeus) aterrimus Wat; Order: Coleoptera; Family: Curculionidae
1) Host Plants: This type of orchid that was attacked is epiphytic orchids among others Arachnis sp., Cattleya sp., Coelogyne sp., Cypripedium sp., Dendrobium sp., Cymbidium sp., Paphiopedilum sp., Phalaenopsis sp., Renanthera sp., and Vanda sp.
2) Attack Symptoms: leaf beetles lay their eggs on plant stems or holes. Damage occurs because its larvae eat the leaves and gnawing on the inside of the stem tissue, resulting in the flow of water and nutrients from the roots cut off and the leaves turn yellow and wilt. Damage to the leaves cause the leaves with holes. Larvae also bored into the stem tubers, shoots and stems to form a chrysalis, while the adult beetles eat the epdermis / surface of young leaves, the network / flower stalks and buds / bud so that it can lead to death of the plant was damaged. The attack on the growing point of plants can be deadly. In breeding Phalaenopsis sp. can be heavily attacked by this pest. Seangan elephant beetle can occur throughout the year, but is most common in the rainy season, especially at the beginning of the rainy season arrives.
3) Biology: weevil, black dirty / dull with sizes varying from 3.5 to 7 mm including the snout. Beetles lay their eggs on leaves or holes in plant stems. Larvae bored into the stem tissue or into the shoots / buds and stems to become pupae. Phase larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis) to adult (beetle) takes place in the pseudobulb. Newly hatched larvae pseudobulb gnawing, eating and living in the pseudobulb. Pupa covered by food scraps and is located in a cavity in the former gerekan pseudobulb.

3. Borer Beetle Omobaris calanthes Mshl; Order: Colepotera; Family: Curculionidae
1) Host Plants:
Orchid species are being attacked, especially orchids, especially species Calanthe sp. and Phajus sp.
2) Symptoms Attacks: Unlike the elephant beetle, the larvae of this beetle gnawing into the network of roots / tubers, shoots and flower stalks so that the wall gerekan to black. While the beetles can be found in the central part of the lower leaves of plants. Insects make a number of holes, often lined up on the leaves and shoots are also major still crossed that can then be broken and die. In the early stages often damage the roots of plants and flowers at the bud. Severe attack causes plants to look miserable and can be deadly orchid plant as a whole.
3) Biology: The growth of the larvae may reach a length of 5 mm.

4. Root Borer Beetle Diaxenes phalaenopsidis Fish; Order: Coleoptera; Family: Cerambycidae
1) Host plants: larvae and beetles can attack orchids Renanthera sp., Vanda sp., Dendrobium sdp., Oncidium sp. and more specifically the orchid Phalaenopsis sp.
2) Attack Symptoms: The larvae bored into the roots so the roots dry out and can lead to death. The larvae also attack flowers. Damage caused by these pests will be very hard if not immediately controlled.
3) Biology: Eggs are bright green with a length of 2.4 mm and placed under the root cuticle. Larvae of yellow and form a pupa in a cocoon of stringy / fibrous solid. Beetle can live up to 3 months and the life cycle of 50-60 days. In these beetles hide during the day and at night takes the upper leaves and leave the pieces / gerekan irregular marks on the surface.

5. Borer Beetles Oulema (= Lema) pectoralis baly; Order: Coleoptera; Family: Chrysomelidae
1) Host Plants: Arachnis sp., Grammatophyllum sp., Vanda sp., Phalaenopsis sp., Calanthes sp. and sometimes attacking Dendrobium sp.
2) Attack Symptoms: The larvae make holes in leaves, roots, flowers and flowers. Adult insects can also eat the leaves.
3) Biology: Beetle green and yellow. His body was covered with foam-green. Larvae make holes in leaves, roots, flowers and flowers. Beetles have criocerin type along the back and narrow pronotum. Insects of this family associated with grasses and other monokotiledon. Larvae are originally gray, with increasing age, changes to yellow. Larval body is always covered by his own feces. Eggs are placed separately on the flowers and petiola. Eggs are greenish yellow with a length of 1.25 mm. The newly hatched larvae carrying the egg shell on his back. Life cycle of up to 30 days.

6. Lice Shield Parlatoria proteus Curt; Order: Hemiptera; Family: Diaspididae
1) Host Plants: Fleas IBI is widespread and mainly found in orchids Dendrobium sp., Renanthera sp., Vanda sp. and other types of orchids, and palms.
2) Attack Symptoms: Plants are attacked by yellow miserable, sometimes falling leaves.
3) Biology: Fleas have a red-brown shield + 1.5 mm-sized, dark-colored adult fleas are round, flat, attached to the plant attacked. The eggs are laid under the shield / shell, so it is not visible from above. Larvae not limbed, round-shaped. Adult fleas are not winged females while the male wings.

7. Leaves snorer Gonophora xanthomela (= Agonita spathoglottis); Order: Coleoptera; Family: Chrysomelidae
1) Host Plants: This pest attacks the types of orchid Phalaenopsis amabilis, Vanda tricolor, V. coerulea, Arundina sp. and Aspathoglottis sp.
2) Attack Symptoms: Larvae snoring inside the leaves and leave the epidermis so that the leaves appear transparent. Severe attack occurred in the rainy season.
3) Biology: Beetle-sized 6 mm, there is a black and orange signs. Eggs laid on the lower surface of leaves and covered with dirt.

8. Silkworm Flower Chliaria othona; Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Lycaenidae
1) Host Plants: This caterpillar attacks the types of orchid Dendrobium sp., Phalaenopsis sp., Arundina sp., Phajus sp.
2) Attack Symptoms: Caterpillars eat flowers or buds of orchids. After hatching from eggs immediately enter and damage to the buds to flower.
3) Biology: Caterpillars shaped flat. The newly hatched larvae from the egg into the bud to flower. Stadia pupa occurs in leaves and tubers in the pupa wrapped in layers and layers of woven silk.

9. Leaf-eating Negeta chlorocrota Delete; Order: Lepidoptera; Family: Noctuidae
1) Host Plants: Damage at most on Dendrobium sp., And Arachnis sp .. and insects are also found in Phalaenopsis sp. and a variety of wild orchids.
2) Attack Symptoms: The larvae eat the young leaves and leaving the leaf pieces are white and transparent. Damage caused by the next instar on older leaves. The young shoots are also attacked. At high populations of larvae gnaw leaves, oval pieces of leaves left on top and used to form the pupa.
3) Biology: Silkworm is an orchid leaf spring rollers. Instar caterpillars are green faded further with dark longitudinal lines and four marks on the back. Seta (hair) length of growing small and black. Panang larvae + 35 mm. Young moth does not fly very far. Spiked and found eggs in the leaves, shoots and flowers. In Bogor life cycle up to 38 days.

10. White Lice Pseudococcus sp; Order: Hemiptera; Family: Pseudococcidae
1) Host Plants:
This pest is widespread and is an important pest on fruit trees and ornamental plants.
2) Attack Symptoms: At Dendrobium sp., Fleas attacking the root tip, the lower leaves and stems. Part of plant attacked is yellow and eventually die because of these pests suck the liquid sel.Pada Phalaenopsis sp., Lice attack armpit leaves around the growing point, causing plants to die.
3) Biology: The whole body covered by a wax including a short protrusion found on his body. Lice reddish brown, 2 mm long, and produce honey dew so attractive to ants to congregate. Fleas reproduce themselves through or without marriage (parthenogenesis). The development of one generation takes over 36 days.

11. Half Naked Snail (Slug) Parmarion pupillaris; Phyllum: Mollusca
1) Host Plants: polifag Characteristically, in addition to attacking orchids are also on cabbage, collards, tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco, rubber and sweet potatoes.
2) Attack Symptoms: Slugs eat leaves and make irregular holes. Often characterized by the presence of the former slightly shiny slime and dirt. Seedling roots and shoots are also attacked. Often damage the nursery or plant that has just grown. Snails also eat decaying organic material atauun plants are still alive.
3) Biology: Snails do not have a graft, measuring 5 cm long, yellowish brown or grayish brown. The house on his back stunted and slightly protruding. Snails are not segmented, soft body, mucus can, breeding hermaphrodites but also shows up frequently they hold a marriage with each other. Snails like humidity. Eggs laid in moist places. Snails usually hide during the day in the shade and actively foraging at night. Tools to eat shaped like a rough tongue called a radula like a scar.

12. Naked Snail Vaginula bleekeri or Filicaulis bleekeri; Phyllum: Mollusca
1) Host Plants: In addition to attacking orchids, are also damaging nursery vegetables such as cabbage, collards, tomatoes and tobacco.
2) Attack Symptoms: Symptoms are similar attack Parmarion. Snail attack plants at night. Plant part attacked is the leaves and shoots, bud.
3) Biology: Form a snail leech-like, grayish brown, on the back are dark brown patches of irregular and there are a pair of lines memanang, body length + 5 cm.

13. Snail Achatina fulica or A. variegata; Phyllum: Mollusca
1) Host Plants: Snails in addition to damaging orchids, also plant daffodils, dahlias, papaya, tomato.
2) Attack Symptoms: Snails much damage to all parts of the plants by eating leaves and other plant parts. It also eat plants that have died.
3) Biology: Snails have a transplant (home), with a length of 10-13 cm +. At the time of the day often breaks snail on the trunk of papaya, banana and walls. At the time of the night looking for food. During the day seeking shelter in the ground hole, tin or bamboo. When disturbed they will pull his head into his home. Can sometimes make a sound. At the time of drought and hot air, head and entire body is inserted inside the house and the hole covered with a thick layer of the membrane until it can survive during the dry season + 6 months. When the rainy season arrives in a few hours they can immediately put an end to his rest and start looking for food. Newly hatched snails can be bear had not eaten for a month. Snails may hold a large freshwater submerged for 12 hours, but if the water contains salt snails will die slowly. The eggs are yellow with a + 5 mm in diameter, usually found in groups of 100-500 eggs in number of egg clumps of grain diameter can be up to + 5 cm. Usually located under rocks, plants or in loose soil. These eggs will hatch in 10-14 days.

14. Mite Orange Orchid Pseudoleptus vandergooti (Oud); Order: Acarina; Family: Tertranychidae
1) Host plants: Orchid Dendrobium sp. very sensitive to mites attack orange.
2) Attack Symptoms: This pest attacks result in leaf and stem tissue discoloration.
3) Biology: Mites measuring 0.3 mm, live in colonies on the leaves die.

15. Orchid thrips Dichromothrips (= Eugniothrips) smithi (Zimm); Order: Thysanoptera; Sub Order: Terebrantia
1) Host Plants: Thrips orchids from P. Java also found in Taiwan. Thrips cause serious damage to the orchid nursery Arachnis sp., Cattleya sp., Dendrobium sp., Renanthera sp., And Vanda sp.
2) Attack Symptoms: This pest attacks resulting in stunted plant growth, interest rates fall, the leaves change shape and silvery. In the dry season thrips attack can result in decreased production of flowers.
3) Biology: This pest is very small, and gray, there is also a brownish color. Its length is about 1-1 ½ mm. Trips have three pairs of legs, and slim.

16. Ladybug Orchid Mertila malayensis Dist. ; Order: Hemiptera; Family: Miridae
1) Host Plants: Ladybug has a spreading area covers an area of ​​South and East Asia. Ladybugs can be found in the orchid Phalaenopsis sp., Bulbophyllum sp., Renanthera sp., Vanda sp.
2) Symptoms Attacks: Attack Ladybugs cause symptoms of yellow-white spots on the upper and lower surfaces of leaves of orchids. Sometimes the points are very close together they are the white patches. Plants attacked too long to be bald.
3) Biology: Ladybugs are dark red. Eggs laid on leaves, and newly hatched nymphs are similar to red mites. Insects usually live in groups, when disturbed it will run away quickly. In Salatiga life cycle of about 4 weeks, and mature insects can live for two months.

17. Lice Cerataphis oxhidiarum Orchid Leaf (West); Order: Homoptera; Family: Aphidoidea
1) Host Plants: Fleas are widespread and mainly found in orchids Dendrobium sp., Renanthera sp., Vanda sp. and other types of orchids.
2) Attack Symptoms: Lice leaves stick to the leaves, and cause the infected leaves turn yellow, then brown, finally died.
3) Biology: The species of aphids are dark brown to black. At the time a young, green-colored insects. The spread covers in the tropics.

18. Lice Aspidiotus shell sp; Order: Homoptera; Family: Diaspididae
1) Host Plants: In the area of ​​Bogor lice are found on orchids Renanthera shell sp. and Vanda sp., coconut, oil palm, banana, mango, avocado, guava, cocoa, rubber, breadfruit tree, and the ginger.
2) Attack Symptoms: These insects suck the liquid in the lower surface of leaves, leaving patches of yellow and cause leaf browning. Ticks suck the liquid leaves, so the longer the fluid runs out and leaves the surrounding tissue necrosis. In severe attacks the leaves become dry and then fall off.
3) Biology: Insects red adult-sized dark brown length of 1.5 mm. Lice eggs a female can produce 20-30 eggs. Eggs laid in a shield under the body. The new nymphs will hatch out of the shield, clustered at the lower surface of leaves. Egg to adult period reached 1.5 to 2 months. Peak activity occurs in the dry season.

19. Small snails Lamellaxis (= Opeas) gracilis (Hutt.) and Subulina octona Brug.
Phyllum: Mollusca
1) Host Plants: In area Deli (Sumatra) often found in tobacco seed beds, and in other regions in Indonesia are found attacking vegetables in greenhouses.
2) Attack Symptoms: These snails live on the orchids of the growing medium in pots and attack the roots. Nighttime slug rose to the surface of the pot and attack the leaves. Severe attack occurred in the rainy season.
3) Biology: pest shell length 11 mm and bright yellow। Both of these pest species in nature are often mixed.
1) Host Plants: In area Deli (Sumatra) often found in tobacco seed beds, and in other regions in Indonesia are found attacking vegetables in greenhouses.
2) Attack Symptoms: These snails live on the orchids of the growing medium in pots and attack the roots. Nighttime slug rose to the surface of the pot and attack the leaves. Severe attack occurred in the rainy season.
3) Biology: pest shell length 11 mm and bright yellow. Both of these pest species in nature are often mixed.


2. Disease

1. Black Rot Phytopthora spp.
1) Host Plants: The disease is mainly found in Cattleya orchid sp., Phalaenopsis sp., Dendrobium sp., Epidendrum sp. and Oncidium sp.
2) Attack Symptoms: Infection look with the black spots that spread from the center of the plant to the leaf. In a relatively short time all the leaves have fallen. This fungus attacks the plant shoots and the growing point. The base of shoots visible when wet and easily pulled apart. When attacking growing point, growth will stall. The spread of the disease is very fast when circumstances may arise lembab.Pada Cattleya disease on leaves, tubers pseudo root rhizomes and flower buds. This disease can also arise in the nursery as fall foul disease. Spots occur on leaves large, dark purple, purplish brown, or black. Spots surrounded by yellowish halo. Of leaf disease progressed to the pseudo bulbs, rhizomes roots, maybe even the entire plant. If the disease first arose in pseudo bulbs, the bulbs will be black, purple, and all that lies on it will wither. Often the leaves become brittle with little leaves will sway slightly above regardless pseudo bulbs. Infections that occur on the surface of the soil can cause rot kaki.Pada Vanda, first at the base of the leaf occurs irregular brownish black spots, quickly expanded to the entire surface of the leaves and the leaves around it. In general, the disease arises in areas of plant shoots. In this section, the leaves are black-brown kebasah basahan and easy to fall. Sometimes the disease also occur on the trunk and the root zone.
3) Morphology / Epidemiology: Fungus form sporangium, easily dislodged, ovoid or ellipsoid, rounded at base, has a short stalk, and hyaline. Phytophthora spores can dipencarkan by wind and splashing water. Rhizome roots can be infected by pathogens carried by the knife used to cut (separate plants). The disease is also growing by high humidity, because water helps the formation, dispersal, and germination of spores.

2. Antraknosa. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. (Perfect Stage: Glomerella cingulata)
1) Host Plants: The disease is found in the orchid species Dendrobium sp., Arachnis sp., Ascocendo sp., Phalaenopsis sp., Vanda sp. and Oncidium sp.
2) Attack Symptoms: The leaves or roots initially quasi-circular spots arise, precipitate, yellow or light green. Finally spotting a brown and has black spots consisting of fruiting bodies (aservulus) fungi. In general, these irregular spots on the circles centered. In humid conditions fruiting bodies release spores mass (konidium) pink or orange. Attacked leaves will eventually fall bulbs will be bald.
In flowers, the disease causes small brown spots that can be enlarged and united so as to include the entire bunga.Cendawan can defend themselves by living in saprofitik on the rest of diseased plants. In favorable weather (humid), the fungus forms konidium which when formed in a sticky mass, konidium dipencarkan by splashing rain / water spray, may also by insects. Fungi are weak parasites, which can only hold the infection in plants that became very weak, mainly through injuries, including injuries due to sunburn. The occurrence of disease is also assisted by providing too much nitrogen fertilizer.
3) Morphology / Epidemiology: C. gloeosporioides aservulus shaped in the die (necrosis) that demarcated, usually berseta, sometimes berseta very rarely or not at all. Aservulus round, elongated or irregular, their diameters can reach 500 μm. Seta has a varying length, rarely more than 200 μm, with a width of 4-8 μm, 1-4 sectional, brown, slightly swollen at base, narrowed to the tip, the edges are sometimes shaped konidium. Konidium tubular, blunt tip, base narrow beheaded, hyaline, not sectional, cored from 1.9 to 24 x 3.6 μm. Conidiophores tubular, not sectional, hyaline or pale brown. C. gloeosporioides was widespread, as weak parasites on various host plants, and some have only lived as a saprophyte. Truffles can defend themselves by living in saprofitis at various residual diseased plants. In favorable weather konidium forming fungi. Since forming in the sticky mass, konidium dipencarkan by splashing water, and possibly by insects. Konidium formation formed by humid weather, dispersal konidium being assisted by water splashing rain or spray.

3. Withered Sklerotium rolfsii Sacc. (Perfect Stage: Corticium rolfsii Curzi)
1) Host Plants: In addition to attacking the orchid, the disease is known to attack on other agricultural crops. In orchids, especially terrestrial attack types, such as Vanda sp., Arachnis sp. and so on.
2) Attack Symptoms: Plants are attacked by yellowing and wilting. Infection occurs in the parts close to the ground. This section rot and fungus mycelium on the surface there is a white, regular like feathers. Mycelium is formed sklerotium, initially white, later developed into grains of brown similar to mustard seeds. In Phalaenopsis disease causes root rot and leaf base. Network becomes creamy yellow, watery, which soon turned into a soft brown due to soil bacteria and fungi. Sklerotium nearly spherical shape with a rather flat base, has the outer skin, the skin and terrace. In the tropics S. rolfsii did not form spores. Fungus can survive for long with live saprofitik, and in the form sklerotium that are resistant to unfavorable conditions. S. rolfsii commonly found in soil. Fungi mainly scattered along the ground or organic carrier materials. Sklerotium can be scattered due to be carried away by flowing water. S. rolfsii especially thrive in humid weather. Fungus can infect orchid plants through wounds or not, if the wound infection will go faster. In Indonesia Oncidium sp. and Phalaenopsis sp. highly susceptible to S. rolfsii, Cattleya sp. moderately resistant, while Dendrobium sp. highly resistant.
3) Morphology / Epidemiology: S. rolfsii is a cosmopolitan fungus, can attack a variety of plants, especially the young ones. It has a fungus mycelium that consists of white strings, arranged like a feather or fan. Fungus does not form spores. For dispersal and defending the fungus formed a number of previously white sklerotium later become brown with a diameter of approximately 1 mm. Grains are easily detached and transported by air.Sklerotium have a tough skin that is resistant to high temperatures and drought. In the soil sklerotium can last for 6-7 years. In dry weather will sklerotium mengeriput, but it will germinate quickly if it is once again in a humid environment.

4. Wilt Fusarium oxysporum
1) Host plants: Fusarium wilt disease can be found in Cattleya type orchid sp., Dendrobium sp. and Oncidium sp. It also attacks cabbage, caisin, petsai, peppers, papaya, chrysanthemums, palm oil, pepper, potato, banana and ginger.
2) Symptoms of attack: the pathogen infects the plant through the roots or through wounds on roots of freshly cut rhizomes, stems and leaves cause wrinkling. The top soil looked miserable as water shortages, yellowed, with wrinkled leaves, tubers pseudo become thin, sometimes slightly twisted. Root rot, decay at the roots can spread upward to the base of the rhizome root batang.Jika cut would seem that the epidermal and hypodermic purple, medium purple phloem and xylem young pink. Finally, the entire root rhizome becomes purple.
3) Epidemiology: Pathogens can survive naturally in the growing medium and the roots of diseased plants. If there are sensitive plants, through root wounds may soon have disastrous infection. The disease is easily transmitted through seeds and agricultural tools used.

5. Cercospora leaf spots spp.
1) the host: All kinds of orchids infected by this disease, especially those planted in the open, like Vanda sp., Arachnis sp., Aranda sp., Aeridachnis sp. and so on.
2) attack symptoms: The disease arises only when the state of the environment moist. At first on the undersides of young leaves small patches of brown arise. Patches may develop dilated and elongated, and can come together to form large patches. At the center of whitish brown spots, the fungus forms a collection-a collection of conidiophores with konidium, which when viewed with a magnifying glass (Loupe) looks like a black and gray spots. Spotting Center finally dries and can be perforated. These symptoms are more numerous on older leaves.
3) Morphology / Epidemiology: This fungus Konidium long rod-shaped sectional 3-12. Conidiophores short, sectional 1-3, the fungus can be carried by the seed and survive on the remains of diseased plants during a season. Hot and wet weather helped development of disease. The disease can arise in young plants, although more likely on older plants.

6. Brown spotting Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) cattleyae (Pav.) Savul
1) Host Plants: The disease primarily affects Phalaenopsis sp. and Catleya sp.
2) attack symptoms: The disease is particularly detrimental to Phalaenopsis sp. Parts of the plants attacked by the leaf and growing point. The disease spread very fast, and the leaves are attacked by soft spots occur, kebasah-basahan and brownish or black. The disease spread rapidly. If the disease reaches a point grows, the plant will die. Part of the sick mucus (exudate), which can transmit the disease to other plants, through penyiraman.Pada leaves Cattleya sp. shows up as patches of sediment, black and kebasah-basahan. In general, the disease is limited to one or two leaves, and does not kill plants.
3) Epidemiology: The mass of bacteria often appear on the surface of plant tissue pain. This disease develops in wet environmental conditions and high temperatures. The disease can be transmitted by means of agriculture, water, growing medium and seeds infected.

7. Soft rot Erwinia spp.
1) Host Plants: This disease can attack all types of orchid plants and even other soft tissues.
2) Attack Symptoms: This disease attacks the plant saplings in a compote. The leaves of seedlings look juicy and the leaves changing color brown. In pseudobulb or other soft parts decay occurs with unpleasant smell. These bacteria cause decay in the soft tissues and in tissues that ex-bitten by insects.
3) Morphology / Epidemiology: Cells are rod-shaped bacterium, has no capsule, and not berspora. Bacteria move using flagella located around the bacterial cell.

Pathogenic bacteria easily carried away by insects, water, growing media and the rest of the infected plants, and agricultural equipment. Optimum temperature for bacterial growth is 27 ° C. In conditions of low temperature and low humidity hampered bacterial growth.

8. Seeds fall ultinum Pythium, and Rhizoctonia solani Phytohpthora cactorum.
1) Host Plants: The disease is found on young plants in a compote on the orchid species Cymbidium sp., Dendrobium sp., Oncidium sp. and so on.
2) Attack Symptoms: On young plants is characterized by symptoms of damping off, the plants die and collapse. The base of plants to rot, so it does not stand up straight. Disease progresses upward to the other soft parts.
3) Epidemiology: Pathogens are scattered malalui water. R. solani last long in soil (growing medium).

9. Leaf spotting Pestalotia sp.
1) Host Plants: The disease is found in the orchid species Vanda sp., Arachnis sp., Dendrobium sp. and Oncidium sp.
2) Attack Symptoms: In the old leaves found spots with black dots in the middle. At first the little brown spots yellow.
3) Epidemiology: Pathogens disperse the spores that occur when there are sudden changes from wet and dry conditions and winds.

10. Spotting Botryodiplodia sp.
1) Host Plants: The disease is found in the orchid species Vanda sp. and Arachnis sp.
2) Attack Symptoms: In the orchid Vanda sp. disease characterized by patches of brown to black elongated. Symptoms occur in both the leaves and stems. Spots are not limited to the parts that are old but mudapun attacked.
3) Epidemiology: Disease disperse the spores inside the fruit body. Spores disperse in the event of sudden weather changes from wet to dry.

11. Botrytis Flower spotting cenerea
1) Host Plants: This disease mainly attacks the flowers on the orchid species Phalaenopsis sp. and Cattleya sp ..
2) Attack Symptoms: At first petals are black spots. When the disease has progressed further with very many spots, flowers will rot and blackened.
3) Epidemiology: The disease develops when the humidity is very high. Performed with the dispersal of disease spores are very easily blown away.

12. Rust Uredo sp.
1) Host Plants: rust disease found in Oncidium sp. and other species.
2) Attack Symptoms: On the surface of the leaves are yellow pustules. Each pustules surrounded by klorotik leaf tissue. Severe attacks cause the leaves to dry.
3) Epidemiology: The spores of pathogenic easily attached to the legs of insects and by wind. Humid conditions it is the development of disease.

13. Cymbidium mosaic virus (Cymbidium mosaic virus = CyMV)

Cymbidium mosaic virus is also known as "black Cymbidium streak virus" or "Orchid mosaic virus".

1) Plant Host: This virus is found in eight genera, namely Aranthera sp., Calanthe sp., Cattleya sp., Cymbidium sp., Gromatophyllum sp., Phalaenopsis sp., Oncidium sp., And Vanda sp.

2) Attack Symptoms: In Cymbidium sp. mosaic symptoms will appear more clearly on the young leaves of lines klorotik elongated leaf fiber direction. Flowers on the plant Cattleya sp. who become infected usually show symptoms of necrotic brown spots on petals and sepalnya. Flowers are usually smaller and the flowers fall off easily compared with healthy plants.

3) Morphology / Epidemiology: Particle CyMV shaped elongated filaments measuring 13 x 475 nm. The virus is transmitted mechanically through fluids or extracts of diseased plants, but is not transmitted through seed or insect vectors.
14. Tobacco Mosaic Virus Strains Orchid (Tobacco Mosaic Virus-TMV-Orchid = O) virus is also known by the name of the virus patches ringed odontoglossum (odontoglossum ringspot virus = ORSV).

1. Host plants:
The types of orchids that may be attacked by this virus include Dendrobium sp., Epidendrum sp., Vanda sp., Cattleya sp., Oncidium sp. Cymbidium sp. and Phalaenopsis sp.

2. Symptoms Attacks:
In some types of orchids such as Cattleya sp., Symptoms of this viral infection varied, namely the form klorotik lines, blotches klorotik to necrotic or ring-shaped patches. In Oncidium sp. patches of black necrotic evident on the lower surface of leaves. In the field the percentage of orchids Oncidium sp. infected with this virus can reach 100%. Symptoms on flowers, such as the orchid Cattleya sp., A mosaic on the sepals and petals. The edges of the flower is usually wavy.

3. Morphology / Epidemiology:
Rod-shaped virus particles measuring 18 x 300 nm. TMV-O easily transmitted mechanically through extracts of diseased plants, but is not transmitted through insect vectors or seeds.

3. Orchid pest control
1. Physical
Growing medium disinfected with hot water vapor that plants free from pests and diseases that can be transmitted through the growing medium. To avoid transmission of the virus, sanitation efforts should be made include the sterilization of equipment pieces. After being washed clean cutting tools heated in an oven at a temperature of 149 ° C for 1 hour.

2. Mechanical
Control of mechanically done when insect pests found in limited quantities. For example in the morning and afternoon elephant beetle can be clipped on and off with your fingers. Similarly, shell ticks on orchid leaves can be driven with a nail, but should be done carefully and then turned off. Large or small snails can easily be arrested at night and destroyed. By clearing rubbish and weeds, then the snails do not have the opportunity to nest and hide.
Mechanical control is also done on the plants showing symptoms of the disease, namely by cutting and destroying the affected plant parts.

3. Technical Culture
A good plant maintenance can improve the health of plants, so plants can grow more fertile. Watering, fertilization and the addition or replacement of growth media can increase plant growth. Indirectly ongoing maintenance can monitor the state of crops from pest attack early.

Watering is done when necessary and made the morning so the afternoon was dry enough. Keep plants from attack or the presence of insects can be carriers of disease or transfer. The air in the crop should be maintained so as not too humid, so the disease is not easy to develop.

Plants are known to suffer a new or isolated disease for 2-3 months, until it is known that the plant really well. Plants to be cultivated should also come from a known carrier of disease-free.

4. Chemical
To control pest species of orchid can be selected in accordance with the appropriate pesticide plant pests to be controlled. Pesticide formulations can be liquid (emulsion), flour (dust) paste or granules. The concentration and dosage of use is usually marked on each package. The types of pesticides that can be used to control pests on orchids are listed in Appendix 1.
As a precaution, pots or other containers, tools such as knives and scissors cuttings, preferably each time using those tools, disinfected with formalin 2% or other disinfectant.

5. Biological
Done using:
* Predatory mites: Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias Heniot and Typhodiromus sp. (Phytoseiidae)
* Predator aphids: beetle koksi (Coccinelidae), Syrpidae flies, and spider Lycosa sp.
* Predator white lice: Scymnus apiciflavus.
* Predatory snail Achatina fulica: Gonaxis sp., Euglandina sp., Lamprophorus sp., And Aeromonas liquefacicus.
* Thrips parasitoids: Family Eulophidae
* Aphid parasitoids: Aphidius sp. and Encarsia sp.
* Parasitoid leaf snorer Gonophora xanthomela: Achrysocharis

promecothecae (Eulophidae).
* Use of an antagonist agent Trichoderma sp., Gliocladium sp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens to wilt disease Fusarium sp. and Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum.

F. HARVEST AND POST HARVEST

The specialty of orchids lies in the appearance time of consumption, so the effort to maintain the quality appearance may be a primary goal during post-harvest handling and post-production. To implement such an effort is necessary to understand the various factors that could affect the quality of post-harvest or post-production of orchid plants. Factors affecting postharvest quality of cut flower orchid flower is the aging rate, temperature, water and food supplies, ethylene and mechanical damage and disease. While affecting among other potted orchid cultivars, growth stadia, light, medium, fertilizer, temperature and duration of transport.

1. Cut Orchid Flowers

1. Aging Flowers
During this orchid flowers are harvested after 75% -80% interest has been mainly on orchids blooming Dendrobium sp. Sometimes on certain types of orchids, such as Cattleya sp., Flowers harvested 3 to 4 days after bloom, because of the interest cut will fail to bloom prematurely. When harvesting to consider transmission of viral diseases from one tree to another. We recommend cutting tools should be sterilized before use again on the next tree.

2. Temperature
Cut flowers Cymbidium sp. and Paphiopedilum sp. can last for 3 weeks at a temperature of 330-350 F (10 C) and 6 to 7 weeks when kept in the tree. Type of Cymbidium sp., Cattleya sp., Vanda sp., Paphiopedilum sp. and Phalaenopsis sp. generally can last up to two weeks if stored at a temperature of 50-70 C, whereas Dendrobium sp. pieces simply stored at a temperature of 10-130 C.

3. Water Supply and Hara
Cut orchid flowers are sensitive to drought. Water loss after harvest flowers must be balanced with the marinade solution containing water and other necessary compounds. The use of various chemical compounds dissolved in water preservative is recommended to prolong the freshness of cut flowers.

4. Ethylene and Mechanical Damage
Try to keep cut orchid flowers from the source / place of a gas leak, smoke, curing the fruit and blossoms that have been damaged and withered. Room for post-harvest handling (sorting / grading and packaging) should be well ventilated. Sensitivity to ethylene gas can be reduced by giving cold temperatures, either after harvest or after delivery. Cut flowers should be removed from the container pengemasnya and placed in a cold room-temperature suitable for orchids.

5. Disease
Cut orchid flowers are sensitive to disease, not only because berpetal somewhat fragile, but also the presence of liquid honey is an excellent nutritious for the growth of pathogens. Damage caused by these diseases can be avoided with good hygiene management in greenhouses and in gardens, temperature control, and minimization of the occurrence of condensation on cut flowers.

2. Beautiful Orchid Flower Plant Pot
1. Cultivars
Various morphological characters, such as flower color, number of flowers and flowering time have been used to evaluate new cultivars flower industry. These criteria are important factors in creating new cultivars. In the future criteria of tolerance to conditions of carriage, interior low light levels, ethylene and cooling needs to be included in the assessment.

2. Stadia Growth
Stadia growth (age) beautiful flowering orchids potted plants at the market are the main factors influencing the appearance of the plants indoors. It should be noted that the stadia is right for marketing depends on the time needed to acquire the plant. Generally, plants with many flowers bloom more difficult in the transport, is more sensitive to ethylene and more easily damaged than in plants that are transported in the stadia which interest it in the bud or flower that blooms percentage is still low.

3. Temperature
Temperatures need to be reduced during the last cycle of 2-3 weeks to strengthen the color of flowers and plants enhance the carbohydrate content, so the store can lead to resistance. All plants will be more beautiful flowering pots hold at lower temperatures and range greatly depending on the type of plant. Furthermore, flowering plants that are placed at a temperature of 270 C or higher, generally have more faded flower color, stem / stalk is higher, the leaves quickly turn yellow and fall off.

4. Media
Easy medium crumb structure moistened again by the consumer or stylist space is crucial to produce optimum performance from the beautiful flowering plants in the room. A number of polymer gel can be used to retain moisture and prevent the plants in the media room to be dried. Irrigation using a wetting agent at the time of marketing is useful to facilitate wetting of the media.

5. Fertilization
Ratio N: K suggested 1: 1 to 3 weeks before flowering, was changed to 0.5: 1. Ratio of ammonia poisoning is to prevent problems and increase shelf life.

6. Against Ethylene Sensitivity
Beautiful flowering orchids potted plants are sensitive to ethylene. Symptoms are loss of leaves, buds and flowers, and flowers kelayuan, epinasti, increased vulnerability to microbial and abortion flowers / buds.

One effective way to reduce sensitivity to ethylene, ie by lowering the temperature during transport. Another way that commercial use is by spraying the leaves using a compound antagonistic to ethylene, so it can suppress the production of ethylene in flower, and reduce the adverse effects of ethylene.

7. Irrigation
Lack of a beautiful flowering plant watering and let it wither would lower the age of the show. Instead the excess water will cause damage to the roots, so plants quickly broken. Plants should be watered every day or every other day, depending on the level of light, temperature and humidity, also the size and growth media. Watering made to the media without wetting the flowers and leaves.

8. Light
Optimum light required by each plant must be maintained to produce plants that have the better appearance, the maximum number of flowers, leaves forming a perfect, beautiful flower color, plant height and adequate. Generally, flowering potted plants will form a beautiful flower in the maximum amount with a beautiful color on the condition of high luminous space, although direct sunlight is avoided.