Walnut Tree (Juglans)

Walnuts (Juglans) are plants in the Juglandaceae family. He is the principal leafy shed, 10-40 meters high (approximately 30-130 feet), with leaves pinat 200-900 millimeters long (7-35 inches), with 5-25 leaflets, the shoot have the pith with the same features but not the principal wingnut hickory from the same family.

21 species in the family jut merentasi Old World temperate northern region of southeast Europe menghala simple east to Japan, and more widespread in the New World from southeast Canada menghala west to California and south to Argentina. Latin name, Juglans, originating than Jupiter glans, "Jupiter's acorn": as a metaphor, beans properly to god.

Words walnut comes from English Language Lama Wealhhnutu, intends "Bean Alien", wealh mean "foreign" (wealh similar to the term Welsh and Vlach; see * Walha and History of the term Vlach). [1] Walnut held so because he introduced rather than Gaul and Italy. The Latin name for the walnut was nux Gallica, peanut "Gallic".

Species and Classification
Renowned expert in this family is the Persian walnut (J. Regia, intends "Royal Walnut"), originating from the Balkans in southeast Europe, southwest & central Asia to the Himalayas and southwestern China. This species is grown widely to get the beans were tasty. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), garden Shahmirzad in Iran is the largest in the world (700-750 hectares). In Kyrgyzstan there sake only 230.700 hectares of forest fruits, walnuts, dominated by J. regia were substantially higher and form a canopy (Hemery and Popov 1998). In a country whose population does not speak in English, J. Regia is often called as the "English walnut"; in Great Britain, "Ordinary Walnut".

Black walnut (Juglans Nigra) is a regular in his native species in eastern North America, even also planted widely in other places. Nuts can be eaten, but fill holes smaller and have a very hard skin, and not grown overall for spending peanuts. The wood is particularly invaluable.

Principal Butternut (Juglans Cinerea) is also from eastern North America, where he is currently the species threatened by butternut disease, caused by a toadstool Sirococcus Clavigignenti. Leaves are 40-60 cm long, oblong-shaped fruit, the skin has a high ridge and fill holes very high in fat.

Black Walnut Hinds (Juglans Hindsii) originating from northern California, where it is widely used commercially for breeding staple J. Regia. Black walnut skin Hinds has no groove in such a characteristic black walnut.

Japanese walnut (Juglans Ailantifolia) similar to walnut Butternut, distinguished by the larger leaves and nuts along the 90 cm round (not square). Cordiformis diversity, often called a heart-shaped nuts; unusual name is the source of the name keratan Cardiocaryon.

Planting and usability
Two of the main commercial species are Juglans Regia for timber and nuts, and Juglans Nigra for timber. Both species have the same planting purposes and is grown on a large scale in a simple temperate zone.
Walnut very similar species that need light that benefit from protection from wind. Walnut is also highly resistant restless during drought.
Planting walnuts interlude in the fields with basic nitrogen fixation as Elaeagnus × ebbingei or Elaeagnus umbellata, and various species of alder an increase of 30% of the height and the principal winding (Hemery 2001).

For the principal to get the peanut plant, needs to be emphasized during the thoroughness chose the subject corresponding to the destination, although half of principal subsidiary marketed as "fertile own" he generally will bear fruit better with a partner differing flowery. There are various basic child available for growers, offering differing growth habit, flowering and leafy, fill holesflavor and thickness of the skin. One important property for peanuts North America and Europe with the latitude which leads to the north is phenology, with 'through the red' particularly important to circumvent the damage due to temperatures below freezing during the spring takat. Half of principal subsidiary bred for production systems approach 'fence', a system that was awoken in Europe and not commensurate with the more traditional garden system.

Waru Tree (Hibiscus Simillis Blume)

Many experts consider that Waru (Hibiscus Simillis Blume) as synonymous with Hibiscus Teliaceus, and H. Hastatus Celebicus. Some other experts argue simillis as sub species H. Simillis Teliaceus that regard as a small tree, bent, 10-15m high and 40-50cm in diameter. Backer even advocated the cultivation of this species for firewood, Koordus and Valeton assume that the use of wood Hibiscus simillis hardly used because wood is very small terrace.

In terms of ecology:
Existence of soil fertility improvement quickly. Waru has eksodat that allow roots to penetrate the rock and soil padas, roots able to break the stone into small rock, capable of forming the ecosystem diperakaran, cultivate microorganisms and roots are able to form mycorrhizae (mycoriza) making it easier for plants take nutrients available a more efficient and fertilize the soil physical, biological and chemical. The leaves are falling will quickly decayed into humus so that the forest floor is not flammable. Waru able to improve hydrological by improving water quality and regulate the water system.
From an economic point:
Easily grown, the ability to live 90% -100% significantly reduced the cost of planting, live simple terms, land preparation should not be so clean that land clearing costs are also low, 1 year old plants generally have shaped canopy that can compete with weeds so that the cost of maintenance or low maintenance, the plant is able to fertilize themselves so that fertilizer use can be minimized, short life cycle of around 12-15 years has had a diameter of 50 cm up and is quite advantageous economically, the physical properties of wood with a specific gravity of 0.6 fine fibers and straight and easy to work this wood can be used for various industrial and carpentry, can be planted anywhere in the tropics except for land podsol, undulatus and muddy. Can live well in all soil fertility and climate. Matches at an altitude of 0-700 meters above sea level.

Growth Patterns
Level "Juvenil" is the beginning of rapid growth so that the level of juvenile ended at the age of 3 years with a sign branching pattern that grows 5-6 primary branches periodically. Age 1 year occurred 3 periodicity shaped branching plagiotroph. In the second year began to form secondary branches. Level "Adolence" ie youth level after the age of 3 years, is growing very rapidly, beginning with the formation of flowers. Has begun to form wood porch. Branching Juvenis started shed. Adolence level ends after the age of 8 years and then get in on the initial maturity level. The initial level of maturity is characterized by the formation of the canopy, and tertiary branching twigs began to emerge and evolve. Growth is still visible but slow. Age 15 years visible pertumbuahn diameter has begun to stagnate and this is a slash and daurnya cooking instructions. Wooden terrace has formed 80% -90% of the cross sectional area of ​​the timber. At the age of 15 years the trees reach 80 cm diameter and stem height of about 20-25 meters.

Seed Procurement
In contrast to other types of hibiscus, hibiscus rarely produce seeds, therefore it should be done propagation by cuttings and grafts of primary and secondary branches. Even this way is difficult because of limited sources of seeds and cuttings resilience that only 2 days of cutting branches up to seeding. The use of enzymes and hormones in the transport is only able to help the vitality of cuttings to 5 days with the results of cutting 10% - 30%.

Making the nursery
Given the difficulty of seedlings, it is recommended to create a forest plant hibiscus to create a nursery / garden pruning. Spacing of 2x3m to make room at the time of branching. Seeding is done with a 2-level system is first rate with a plastic hood and a second level with sarlon 80% to maintain the temperature, light and humidity remain constant. To produce healthy seedlings need to be single or multiple chemical fertilizers. Nurseries / trim began to be harvested after beumur more than 6 months after planting to harvesting period 1 branch.

Land preparation and planting
Before planting should be done to better facilitate land clearing in the implementation of the planting. In preparing land for hibiscus plants do not need to be done perfectly because the plant is adaptable to soil conditions were filthy and bergulma. Waru can adapt to other plants so that hibiscus intercropped or alternating between a spacing of 3 x 3 meters.

Care and maintenance
Treatment in the form of replanting, weed control and fertilization if necessary. Toughest weeds are weeds and thinning at the age of 5 years, leaving standing only 300 trees per hectare. Guidelines for thinning and the expected end goal is in accordance with the general guidelines silvicultural theory. Trees felled for thinning are dwarf trees, diseased trees, trees with excessive lenticels, a tree with a very rapid growth that interfere with the growth of surrounding trees, trees with branching abnormal growth, its tree canopy widened. Spacing is intended to obtain: a good quality rod, optimal growing space, homogeneity or diameter and height of trees.
Waru rangkang plant is suitable for shade curbside, city parks, rehabilitation of plants and plant production. Branches and twigs are big and strong and broad leaves makes the underlying condition became very shady. The legend says that there was a farmer who has 1 rangkang Waru stem with a diameter of 100 cm can be made into 4 pieces tailgate. Waru rangkang very strong wood is believed to be even more powerful than Meranti from Indonesia, Kalimantan.

Teak Tree

Before starting to plant teak trees, there are a few tips / methods that need our attention.

* Choose a good teak seed with the provisions of 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter.
* Drying of teak seeds until completely dry.
* After it dried teak seeds, soak the seeds with a mixture of Accu water and fresh water in the ratio 1: 10 (1 liter of water batteries need 10 liters of fresh water) for 3 days.
* The identity seed is lifted and drained or ditus for 0.5 to 1 day.
* Prepare media / beds any size, and made ​​a barrier around him.
* After the media / beds are ready, sprinkle the seeds on top teak beds.
* After the seeds sown all teak, then the seed we fill with black sand / river sand as thick as 1.5 to 2 cm.
* then we plot it with a plastic lid, if there is no bias our plastic lid with leaves.
* While in the cabin, dry seeds may not be regulated humidity.
* Then we wait for 7-14 days.
* If it is germinated should we move to the previous polibek we prepared.
* Polibek that we prepared contain soil, organic fertilizer / cage, and hair of rice, with a ratio of 1: 3: 2.

How to cultivation
1. buy seeds that are ready to plant (seeds jatimas good, 15th dah ready to harvest)
2. siapin land (land clean of wild tanaman2 disturbing)
3. dug approximately 30cm deep soil and planting seedlings
4. Do not forget to give fertilizer incentive for early growth
5. distance between seed planting at least 1.5 m to achieve a good result
6. ga teak need careful treatment, which is important diligent diligently wrote clear the site of wild plants.
7. do not forget jg stimulating fertilizer until approximately the first 6 months