Salak tree

1. BRIEF HISTORY
Salak plants is one of the preferred fruit crops and have good prospects for exploitation. Its area of ​​origin is unclear, but presumably from Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. There are also saying that the plant bark (Salacca edulis) originating from the island of Java. In the colonial period salak seeds brought by merchants to spread throughout Indonesia, even to the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Thailand.

2. TYPES OF PLANTS
In this world, known for barking wildly, as Salacca dransfieldiana JP Mo-GEA; S. JP magnifera Mogea; S. minuta; S. multiflora and S. romosiana. Besides barking wild, wild barking is still known more as Salacca rumphili Wallich ex. Blume also called S. wallichiana, C. Martus called rakum / kumbar (popular in Thailand) as a maker of fresh sour on the cuisine. Kumbar is not thorny, flowers married 2 (dioeciious). Salak including family: Palmae (palm-paleman), monocots, long leaves with a strong main veins as in the coconut, called a stick. All parts sharp spiny leaves a short trunk, lamakelamaan rising to 3 m or more, finally collapsed unable to carry loads too heavy crown of leaves (not comparable with a small trunk).

Many varieties of bark that can grow in global. There are young is sweet, varieties that have been released by the government to be developed are: salak pondoh, swaru, nglumut, Enrekang, rock sugar (Bali), and others. Actually kind of barking that exist in Indonesia there are three striking differences, namely: salak Java Salacca zalacca (Gaertner) Voss of seed grain 2-3, salak Bali Slacca amboinensis (Becc) Mogea the seed 1-2 grains, and salak Padang Sidempuan Salacca sumatrana (Becc) the fleshy red. This type of bark it has a high commercial value.

3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS
Salak fruit is only eaten fresh or made sweets and pickles. At this time barking sweets made with the skin, unpeeled. The trunk can not be used for building materials or firewood. Ripe fruit is presented as a table fruit. Traded fresh fruit bunches are usually still in or have been released (Petilan). Fruits were picked at month 4 or 5 are usually to be made sweets.

4. INVESTMENT CENTER
Salak plants widely available in DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, DI Yogyakarta, East Java, North Sumatra, North Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Maluku, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara and West Kalimantan.

5. TERMS petumbuhan
5.1. Climate
1. Plants ssalak fit when grown in the area of ​​climate berzona Aa bcd, Babc and CBC. A high mean number of wet months (11-12 months / years), B: 8-10 months / year and C: 5-7 months / year.
2. Salak will grow well in areas with average rainfall per year 200-400 mm / month. Rainfall monthly average of more than 100 mm is considered in the wet months. Mean bark requires a degree of wetness or high humidity.
3. Salak plants do not tolerate full sun (100%), but just 50-70%, because it is necessary to plant shade.
4. The best temperature between 20-30 ° C. Salak require high humidity, but can not stand waterlogging.

5.2. Ground
1. Salak plants like rich soil, crumbly and moist.
2. The degree of soil acidity (pH) is suitable for the cultivation of salak is 4.5 to 7.5. Salak garden can not stand waterlogging. For growth requires high humidity.

5.3. Altitude Place
Salak plants grown at altitude 100-500 m above sea level.

6. FARMING GUIDELINES
6.1. Nurseries
One factor to consider in seeking salak plants is the use of improved seed and quality. Salak plants is an annual plant, therefore errors in the use of seed will be bad in pengusahaannya, although given the technical culture of good treatment will not provide the desired results, so that the issued capital will not come back because of losses in farming. To avoid such problems, there should be a good way of salak seedlings. Seeding can be derived from the seeds of salak (generative) or from seedlings (vegetative).

Generative breeding nurseries are using a good seed obtained from the parent tree that has good qualities, namely: quickly bear fruit, fruit throughout the year, a lot of fruits and uniform, good plant growth, resistance to pests and diseases and environmental influences less favorable.

Advantages generative seed multiplication:
a) can be done easily and inexpensively
b) obtained seed lots
c) the resulting plants grow healthier and live longer
d) to transport seeds and seed saving easier
e) The resulting plants have strong roots that fall down and drought resistant
f) allowing the properties held in the form of crossing improvements.

Disadvantages generative propagation:
a) the quality of the fruit produced is not exactly the same as the parent tree because of possible cross-pollination
b) somewhat difficult to know whether the seeds that produced male or female.

1) Requirements Seeds
To get good seed to seed should be selected that will be used as seed. Terms of seeds that will be used as seed:
a) seeds from parent trees are eligible.
b) The fruit of the seeds should be taken in the quotation at the time of age.
c) Have the power to grow at least 85%.
d) Large seed size is not uniform and defect.
e) healthy seed is not attacked by pests and diseases.
f) Seed pure and not mixed with other impurities.

2) Preparation of Seeds
a) Seeds from Seed:
1. Salak seeds cleaned from the remnants of flesh still attached.
2. Soak in water for 24 hours, then washed.
b) Seeds of Puppies
1. Choose a puppy is good and comes from a good parent
2. Prepare the bamboo strips, then filled with soil media
3) Seeds Seeding Techniques
a) Seeds from Seed
1. Salak seeds that have been soaked and washed, put into plastic bags that have been perforated (wet gunny sacks), and then placed in the shade and moist until germination 20-30 days old
2. One month later given Urea, TSP and KCl, each 5 grams, every 2-3 weeks
3. In order for the humidity up, do the watering every day
b) Seeds of puppies with a wooden tub nursery:
1. Create a wooden tub with a size of 25 cm height, width and length adapted to the needs of
2. Filled with fertile and friable soil 15-20 cm thick
3. Above ground diiisi 5-10 cm thick sand
4. Direction North South nursery and given shelter facing East
5. Seeds soaked in a solution of hormones such as Atonik for 1 hour, the solution concentration from 0.01 to 0.02 cc / liter of water
6. Planting seeds in nursery tanks with a distance of 10 x 10 cm
7. Directions seeds buried in an upright position, tilt / fall with the buds underneath.
Maintenance Nurseries / Seeding
For seedlings from seeds, seedlings media is polybag with size 20 x 25 cm filled with soil mixed with a 2:1 ratio of manure. After the seed or sprout new seedlings 20-30 days old was transferred to polybags.

Nursery with saplings system, bamboo is placed just below the puppies barking, then watered every day. After 1 month of the roots have grown and puppies separated from its mother, then planted in polybags. Urea, TSP, KCl is given once a month as much as a spoon
5) The transfer of Seeds
For seedlings from seeds, after 4 months old salak seedlings transferred to new farmland. For the nursery of saplings, after 6 months of the new seedlings can be transferred to the field.

Land Treatment
1) Preparation
Determination of salak plantation areas for ease of transport must consider the factors and sources of water.
2) Land Opening
a) Dismantling of plants that are not needed and turn off the grass and remove weeds and shrubs from planting areas.
b) Plowing the soil to remove chunks of soil that is too large.

6.3. Planting techniques
1) Making Hole Park
Planting hole is made with size 30 x 30 x 30 cm with a spacing of 1 x 4 m, 2 x 2 m or 1.5 x 2.5 m. The size of the hole can also be made 50 x 50 x 40 cm, spaced 2 x 4 m or 3 x 4 m. Each hole is given manure that has become as much as 10 kg.
2) How Investment
Seeds are planted directly in the hole as much as 3-4 seeds per hole. A month later the seeds began to grow
3) Other
To avoid full sun, salak plants grown under shade plants such as coconut, durian, lamptoro and so on. If the land is still no shade plants, shade plants can be planted while the banana-like plant. Spacing is adjusted according to the size of the shade tree canopy area for example, coconut is planted with a distance of 10 x 10 m, durian 12 x 12 m and lamtoro 12 x 12 m.

6.4. Plant Maintenance
To avoid full sun, salak plants grown under shade plants such as coconut, durian, lamptoro and so on. If the land is still no shade plants, shade plants can be planted while the banana-like plant. Spacing is adjusted according to the size of the shade tree canopy area for example, coconut is planted with a distance of 10 x 10 m, durian 12 x 12 m and lamtoro 12 x 12 m.
1.
Thinning and Stitching
To obtain a large-sized fruit, so when the cluster has begun meeting to be thinning. Thinning is usually done on a month to 4 or 5.

Stitching done on young plants or newly planted, but dead or stunted growth or less good, or too many plants such as females. For the purpose of replanting crops we need a backup (usually needs to be provided 10%) of the total, the rest with other crops. Early rainy season is very appropriate to do embroidery. Plant reserves transferred by way round, which included some of the dirt that covered the area roots. When dismantling the plant, the base as well as our land with plastic wrap so that the roots of the academy on the inside is protected from damage, done with caution.
2. Weeding
Weeding is to remove and memebersihan grass or other weeds that grow in the garden barking. Weeds are prevalent in the call if not eradicated this weed will be a competitor for salak plants in getting nutrients and water.

The first weeding is done when the plants were 2 months after seeds are planted, the next weeding done every 3 months until the plant is a year old. After that weeding be conducted every 6 months or 2 times a year, performed at the beginning and end of the rainy season.
3. Pembubunan
While doing weeding, tilling and well done to the main land pembumbunan salak plants. This is done to save on labor costs also for the efficiency of care. Land digemburkan hoe to form a mound or bumbunan that serves to strengthen the roots and stem bark of plants in place. Bumbunan not to damage the existing ditch.
4. Perempalan / Trimming
The leaves are old and useless must be trimmed. Also the leaves are too thick or damaged pest attacked. Shoots should be thinned to a spacing that is too much, especially close moments of fruiting plants (perempalan). With pruning, plant clumps salak garden not too thick so that the moist and stale air circulation due to substandard service. Pruning also helps the spread of food in order not only to the leaves or vegetative parts, but also to the flower, fruit or generative part in a balanced manner.

Prune every two months, but at the time of flowering or fruiting approached us to do more frequent pruning, which is 1 month 1 time.

If the clumps are several barking puppy, do so before the plants bear fruit saplings reduction. One family we just barked reserving 1 or 2 tillers. 3-4 maximum amount of fruit saplings on a clump. When more than it will interfere with the productivity of plant seedling.

Trimming leaves bark should arrive at the base of pelepahnya. Do not just cut in half or portion of a leaf, because the left has actually been of no use to plants.

Pruning at the time of harvest should continue through dilakuakan. Pruning tools should use a cleaver or sharp saws. Pruning is carried out at the time and the right way will help the plants grow well and optimally.
5. Fertilization
All materials provided on the plant with the aim of providing additional nutrients to improve crop growth and production of so-called fertilizer. There is provided through local fertilizer plant roots (root fertilizer). Fertilizer provided by spraying through plant leaves (leaf fertilizer). There are two kinds of fertilizers: organic and inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are manure, green manure, compost, plant ash, blood meal and so on. Inorganic fertilizers are: Ure, TSP, KCL, ZA, NPK Hidrasil, Gandasil, Super Phosphate, folan Bay, Green Zit, and so on. Organic fertilizers are often given to the plant bark is manure.

Age of plants:
a) 0-12 months (1 x month): Manure 1000, 5 grams of Urea, TSP 5 grams, 5 grams of KCl.
b) 12-24 months (1 x 2 months): 10 grams Urea, TSP 10 grams, 10 grams of KCl.
c) 24-36 months (1 x 3 months): 15 grams Urea, TSP 15 grams, 15 grams of KCl.
d) 36-ff (1 x 6 months): 20 grams of Urea, TSP 20 grams, 20 grams of KCl.
6. Irrigation and Watering
Rainwater is a natural spray for plants, but difficult to manage rainwater to fit the needs of plants. Precipitation will largely be lost through evaporation, percolation and runoff. Fraction retained in the root zone, the remaining water is often not meet the needs of plants. In the cultivation of salak, during growth, the need for water must be adequate, for that we need to give water to the time, manner and amount as appropriate.
7. Other Maintenance
Once planted in the garden we make of bamboo or wood supports to keep the plants do not collapse.

7. Pests and diseases
7.1. Pest
1. Lice wool / white (Cerataphis sp.)
These pests lurking on the sidelines of the fruit.
2. Bud weevil (Omotemnus sp ..)
3. Stem weevil
Attacking the tip of young leaves (the youngest), then will go into the trunk. This does not cause the death of the plant, but will grow a lot of chicks in the trunk.
Control: off or by dripping a solution of insecticide (Diazenon) with a dose of 2 cc per liter at the end of the affected leaves or by spraying. In this case sought an insecticide can get into the old hole digerek.
Insert the wire ends taper into the hole made up of the pest beetles.
4. Boar, squirrels, rats and mongoose
Control: (1) to eradicate wild pigs, carried out with special shooting, or a fenced garden with salak salak salak-male meetings. It would be better if salak garden fence with barbed wire, (2) to eradicate rats, used phosphit Zink, klerat and lainlain; (3) to eradicate Civet and Squirrel, can be used to feed bananas to enter Furadan 3 G How: banana split, approximately 0.5 grams of Furadan put into it, then bananas are sewn and used as bait.

7.2. Disease
1. Disease that often attacks the bark is white fungus compatriots,
Symptoms: rotting fruit. Fruits are attacked by this disease so the quality is declining, because skin color does not bark so interesting.
Control: reduced soil moisture, which reduces the protective trees.
2. Black spot
Cause: The fungus Pestalotia sp.
Symptoms: the spots on the leaf-bercakhitam barking.
3. Red rot (pink)
Cause: The fungus Corticium salmonicolor.
Symptoms: The presence of decay in fruit and stem.
Control: diseased and infected leaves should be cut and burned in a particular place.

7.3. Weeds

In some places on the island of Java, the land was built in the former rice fields barked. So that automatically weeds that dominate the garden are weeds commonly found in rice fields. Because of the usual rice fields flooded and drained soil dibumbun the weeds that survive are the narrow-leaved weeds spread and grow very little there in the fields. Tall thin weeds that are trunked, leafy in the rice fields the length of which is generally less able to survive. That's why the former land of weeds in rice fields are relatively fewer. Control manually with a hoe dikored or even adequate.

Chemical eradication of weeds in orchards has not been commonly implemented salak. For land that is not how broad, farmers still use manual way (pulling grass by hand, dikored or hoe). If the land is wide enough bark, as well as newly opened, there are certainly lots of weeds difficult to eradicate once and only by hand. For such situations need to use herbicides, because labor costs are relatively inexpensive and the results more quickly. Reactions of chemicals in killing weeds is also very fast. Herbicides have a negative pengruh, because they contain toxins that can harm other living beings including animals and humans. Herbicides to be used in accordance with the type of weeds need to be eradicated. Inappropriate choice will waste costs. Weeds of the class of grasses can be eradicated with herbicides Gramoxone, Gesapas, Basta or Diuron. Of class-tekian puzzles can be eradicated with the Goal. Reeds can be eradicated with Round-up or Sun-ups. While the broad-leaved plants that can be overcome by Fernimine. There are also herbicides that can eradicate some types of weeds.

8. P A N E N

Fruits of good quality is obtained when the harvesting done at a good level of maturity. Fruits not yet ripe, it will feel when the withheld sepet and not sweet. Then harvesting dengancara quotation choose, this is where the difficulty lies. So we have to really know the fruits that are old but not yet ripe.
8.1. Characteristics and Harvest
PBuah bark can be harvested when ripe in the trees, typically 6 months old after anthesis (anthesis). It is characterized by scales that have been rare, red fruit skin color blackish or dark yellow, and the feathers have been lost. End of the fruit skin (the fruit that tapers) feels soft when pressed. Signs of old fruit, according to other sources are: the color is shiny (greasy), when plucked easily detached from the stem bark of fruit and flavorful.
8.2. How to Harvest
How to harvest: because the fruits are not cooked together, then carried the quotation chosen. To consider in picking whether these fruits will keep for months or eaten immediately. When will keep for months, picking done at the old fruits (Java: gemadung), so do not be too old dipohon. Masir salak fruit is not durable stored. Harvesting is done by cutting the fruit stalk tandannya.
8.3. Harvest Period
Salak plants in the harvest period there are four seasons:
1) Harvest feast in November, December and January
2) Harvest is in May, June and July
3) The small harvest in the months February, March and April.
4) The empty / rest in the months August, September and October. If in these months there are fruits so-called fruit slandren. According to other sources of fruits are harvested between the months of October to January.

8.3. Estimated Production
In the cultivation of salak, the results can be achieved in one growing season is 15 tons per hectare.

9. POST-HARVEST
Like other fruits, fruits are easily damaged and not durable. Damage is characterized by the smell of rotting flesh and the fruit becomes mushy and brownish. Once the fruits are picked still continue the process of his life in the form of physiological processes (changes in color, respiration, the process of biochemical and functional reforms in the presence of spoilage by microorganisms). So that the fruits can not be stored long in a fresh condition, it is necessary to post-harvest handling.
9.1. Collection
Warehouse serves as the receiver is collecting fruits from the farmers or the garden. In a warehouse collecting is done: sorting, grading and packaging.
9.2. Sorting and Classification
Sorting / selection aims to choose a good fruit, not disabled, and worthy of export. uga aims to clean up the fruits of the various materials which are useful as stalks, twigs and dirt. The material is cut with a knife, scythe, pruning shears are not sharp so that rust does not cause damage to the fruit.

Grading / classification aims to:
a) get the pieces are uniform (size and quality)
b) facilitate the preparation of the container / crate / container equipment
c) get a higher price
d) stimulate buying interest
e) that the calculations easier
f) to estimate the revenue while.

This classification can be based on: heavy, large, shape, form, color, style, free from the presence or absence of disease and disability / injury. All were put into classes and groups on their own.
a) Salak AA quality (really super, yellowish, 1kg = 12 pieces)
b) quality Salak AB (not too big, not too small, and healthy)
c) quality Salak C (for sweets, 1kg = 25 - 30 pieces)
d) quality Salak BS (rotten or half broken), not sold.

9.3. Packaging and Transport
The purpose of packaging is to protect the fruits from damage, ease in preparation, either in transport or in storage and to simplify the calculation. There is a packaging for fresh fruit and sweets for barking.

Packaging for fresh fruit:
a) The equipment must be perforated packaging
b) must be strong, so that fruits are protected from outside pressures
c) can be transported easily
d) packaging size should be adjusted by the number of fruit.

Packaging for sweets salak: packed in sealed cans that have dipastursasi so that all microbes such as fungi, yeast, bacteria and enzymes can die and will not cause the decomposition process. For sweets, dried, usually packed in plastic.

Freight is an important link in the handling, storage and distribution of fruits. The requirements for the transport of fruits:
a) Transportation must be done quickly and precisely.
b) Packaging and transport of the appropriate conditions to ensure the preservation of high quality.
c) Expectations of a considerable advantage with the use of adequate transport facilities.

10. STANDARD PRODUCTION
10.1. Scope
These standards include quality requirements, means quality testing, sampling means and ways of packaging barking.
10.2. Description
Salak is the fruit of crops were barking (Salacca adulia Reinw) in a state quite old, intact, fresh and clean. Salak quality standards in Indonesia Indonesia is listed in the National Standards SNI 01-3167-1992.
10.3. Classification and Quality Standards
This type of bark quality in three sizes, namely large, medium and small. Based on the weight, each classified into two types namely Quality I and Quality II Quality, size, weight 61 grams or more per piece, medium size, weight 33-60 grams per fruit and small size, weight of 32 grams or less per piece .
a) Rate of aging: an old uniform quality I, II is not very mature quality, organoleptic test methods
b) Hardness: hard quality I, II hardware quality, organoleptic test methods
c) Damage to Fruit Leather: whole fruit skin quality I, II quality intact, test methods Organoleptic
d) Size: uniform quality I, II uniform quality, how to test SP-SMP-310-1981
e) Rot (weight / weight): I 1% of quality, quality II 1%, how to test SP-SMP-311-1981
f) Manure: the quality of free I, II-free quality, organoleptic test methods

10.4. Sampling
1) Salak in Package
Sample taken at random from the amount of packaging d as shown below. Of each packing as much as 2 kg sample taken from the top, middle and bottom. Examples of these were randomized stratified (stratified random sampling) to obtain a minimum of 2 kg for analysis.
1. Number of packs in the party (lots): s/d100, samples taken 5.
2. Number of packs in the party (lots): 101-300 samples taken 7.
3. Number of packs in the party (lots): 301-500 samples taken 9.
4. Number of packs in the party (lots): 501-1000 samples taken 10.
5. Number of packs in the party (lots)> 1000 samples taken 15 min.
2) Salak in rainfall (in bulk)
Sample taken at random according dengqan total amount of weight as shown below. These examples are taken the upper, middle, bottom as well as various angles are mixed, then were randomized stratified (stratified random sampling) to obtain a minimum of 2 kg for analysis.
1. Number of lots weight (kg): <200, the samples taken <10.
2. Number of lots weight (kg): 201-500, samples taken 20.
3. Number of lots weight (kg): 501-1000, samples taken 30.
4. Number of lots weight (kg): 1001-5000, samples taken 60.
5. Number of lots weight (kg):> 5000, samples taken min. 100.

10.5 Packaging
Salak packed in baskets, bamboo baskets, crates or other packaging in accordance with the maximum net weight of 40 kg. Dry leaves, paper or other materials can be used as an insulator. The contents of the packaging does not exceed the cap.

At the outside basket / packaging is labeled that read, among others:
a) Name of goods
b) The type of quality
c) Name / company code / exporters
d) Group size
e) Net weight
f) Production of Indonesia
g) Country / place of destination
h) Region of origin