Walnut Tree (Juglans)

Walnuts (Juglans) are plants in the Juglandaceae family. He is the principal leafy shed, 10-40 meters high (approximately 30-130 feet), with leaves pinat 200-900 millimeters long (7-35 inches), with 5-25 leaflets, the shoot have the pith with the same features but not the principal wingnut hickory from the same family.

21 species in the family jut merentasi Old World temperate northern region of southeast Europe menghala simple east to Japan, and more widespread in the New World from southeast Canada menghala west to California and south to Argentina. Latin name, Juglans, originating than Jupiter glans, "Jupiter's acorn": as a metaphor, beans properly to god.

Words walnut comes from English Language Lama Wealhhnutu, intends "Bean Alien", wealh mean "foreign" (wealh similar to the term Welsh and Vlach; see * Walha and History of the term Vlach). [1] Walnut held so because he introduced rather than Gaul and Italy. The Latin name for the walnut was nux Gallica, peanut "Gallic".

Species and Classification
Renowned expert in this family is the Persian walnut (J. Regia, intends "Royal Walnut"), originating from the Balkans in southeast Europe, southwest & central Asia to the Himalayas and southwestern China. This species is grown widely to get the beans were tasty. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), garden Shahmirzad in Iran is the largest in the world (700-750 hectares). In Kyrgyzstan there sake only 230.700 hectares of forest fruits, walnuts, dominated by J. regia were substantially higher and form a canopy (Hemery and Popov 1998). In a country whose population does not speak in English, J. Regia is often called as the "English walnut"; in Great Britain, "Ordinary Walnut".

Black walnut (Juglans Nigra) is a regular in his native species in eastern North America, even also planted widely in other places. Nuts can be eaten, but fill holes smaller and have a very hard skin, and not grown overall for spending peanuts. The wood is particularly invaluable.

Principal Butternut (Juglans Cinerea) is also from eastern North America, where he is currently the species threatened by butternut disease, caused by a toadstool Sirococcus Clavigignenti. Leaves are 40-60 cm long, oblong-shaped fruit, the skin has a high ridge and fill holes very high in fat.

Black Walnut Hinds (Juglans Hindsii) originating from northern California, where it is widely used commercially for breeding staple J. Regia. Black walnut skin Hinds has no groove in such a characteristic black walnut.

Japanese walnut (Juglans Ailantifolia) similar to walnut Butternut, distinguished by the larger leaves and nuts along the 90 cm round (not square). Cordiformis diversity, often called a heart-shaped nuts; unusual name is the source of the name keratan Cardiocaryon.

Planting and usability
Two of the main commercial species are Juglans Regia for timber and nuts, and Juglans Nigra for timber. Both species have the same planting purposes and is grown on a large scale in a simple temperate zone.
Walnut very similar species that need light that benefit from protection from wind. Walnut is also highly resistant restless during drought.
Planting walnuts interlude in the fields with basic nitrogen fixation as Elaeagnus × ebbingei or Elaeagnus umbellata, and various species of alder an increase of 30% of the height and the principal winding (Hemery 2001).

For the principal to get the peanut plant, needs to be emphasized during the thoroughness chose the subject corresponding to the destination, although half of principal subsidiary marketed as "fertile own" he generally will bear fruit better with a partner differing flowery. There are various basic child available for growers, offering differing growth habit, flowering and leafy, fill holesflavor and thickness of the skin. One important property for peanuts North America and Europe with the latitude which leads to the north is phenology, with 'through the red' particularly important to circumvent the damage due to temperatures below freezing during the spring takat. Half of principal subsidiary bred for production systems approach 'fence', a system that was awoken in Europe and not commensurate with the more traditional garden system.

Waru Tree (Hibiscus Simillis Blume)

Many experts consider that Waru (Hibiscus Simillis Blume) as synonymous with Hibiscus Teliaceus, and H. Hastatus Celebicus. Some other experts argue simillis as sub species H. Simillis Teliaceus that regard as a small tree, bent, 10-15m high and 40-50cm in diameter. Backer even advocated the cultivation of this species for firewood, Koordus and Valeton assume that the use of wood Hibiscus simillis hardly used because wood is very small terrace.

In terms of ecology:
Existence of soil fertility improvement quickly. Waru has eksodat that allow roots to penetrate the rock and soil padas, roots able to break the stone into small rock, capable of forming the ecosystem diperakaran, cultivate microorganisms and roots are able to form mycorrhizae (mycoriza) making it easier for plants take nutrients available a more efficient and fertilize the soil physical, biological and chemical. The leaves are falling will quickly decayed into humus so that the forest floor is not flammable. Waru able to improve hydrological by improving water quality and regulate the water system.
From an economic point:
Easily grown, the ability to live 90% -100% significantly reduced the cost of planting, live simple terms, land preparation should not be so clean that land clearing costs are also low, 1 year old plants generally have shaped canopy that can compete with weeds so that the cost of maintenance or low maintenance, the plant is able to fertilize themselves so that fertilizer use can be minimized, short life cycle of around 12-15 years has had a diameter of 50 cm up and is quite advantageous economically, the physical properties of wood with a specific gravity of 0.6 fine fibers and straight and easy to work this wood can be used for various industrial and carpentry, can be planted anywhere in the tropics except for land podsol, undulatus and muddy. Can live well in all soil fertility and climate. Matches at an altitude of 0-700 meters above sea level.

Growth Patterns
Level "Juvenil" is the beginning of rapid growth so that the level of juvenile ended at the age of 3 years with a sign branching pattern that grows 5-6 primary branches periodically. Age 1 year occurred 3 periodicity shaped branching plagiotroph. In the second year began to form secondary branches. Level "Adolence" ie youth level after the age of 3 years, is growing very rapidly, beginning with the formation of flowers. Has begun to form wood porch. Branching Juvenis started shed. Adolence level ends after the age of 8 years and then get in on the initial maturity level. The initial level of maturity is characterized by the formation of the canopy, and tertiary branching twigs began to emerge and evolve. Growth is still visible but slow. Age 15 years visible pertumbuahn diameter has begun to stagnate and this is a slash and daurnya cooking instructions. Wooden terrace has formed 80% -90% of the cross sectional area of ​​the timber. At the age of 15 years the trees reach 80 cm diameter and stem height of about 20-25 meters.

Seed Procurement
In contrast to other types of hibiscus, hibiscus rarely produce seeds, therefore it should be done propagation by cuttings and grafts of primary and secondary branches. Even this way is difficult because of limited sources of seeds and cuttings resilience that only 2 days of cutting branches up to seeding. The use of enzymes and hormones in the transport is only able to help the vitality of cuttings to 5 days with the results of cutting 10% - 30%.

Making the nursery
Given the difficulty of seedlings, it is recommended to create a forest plant hibiscus to create a nursery / garden pruning. Spacing of 2x3m to make room at the time of branching. Seeding is done with a 2-level system is first rate with a plastic hood and a second level with sarlon 80% to maintain the temperature, light and humidity remain constant. To produce healthy seedlings need to be single or multiple chemical fertilizers. Nurseries / trim began to be harvested after beumur more than 6 months after planting to harvesting period 1 branch.

Land preparation and planting
Before planting should be done to better facilitate land clearing in the implementation of the planting. In preparing land for hibiscus plants do not need to be done perfectly because the plant is adaptable to soil conditions were filthy and bergulma. Waru can adapt to other plants so that hibiscus intercropped or alternating between a spacing of 3 x 3 meters.

Care and maintenance
Treatment in the form of replanting, weed control and fertilization if necessary. Toughest weeds are weeds and thinning at the age of 5 years, leaving standing only 300 trees per hectare. Guidelines for thinning and the expected end goal is in accordance with the general guidelines silvicultural theory. Trees felled for thinning are dwarf trees, diseased trees, trees with excessive lenticels, a tree with a very rapid growth that interfere with the growth of surrounding trees, trees with branching abnormal growth, its tree canopy widened. Spacing is intended to obtain: a good quality rod, optimal growing space, homogeneity or diameter and height of trees.
Waru rangkang plant is suitable for shade curbside, city parks, rehabilitation of plants and plant production. Branches and twigs are big and strong and broad leaves makes the underlying condition became very shady. The legend says that there was a farmer who has 1 rangkang Waru stem with a diameter of 100 cm can be made into 4 pieces tailgate. Waru rangkang very strong wood is believed to be even more powerful than Meranti from Indonesia, Kalimantan.

Widuri (Calotropis Gigantea)

Widuri which has the Latin name Dryand Calotropis Gigantea is a plant that can be found in almost all parts of Indonesia, and the thistle plant is also found in other areas eg: China, Malaysia, Britain, Thailand, the Philippines, and others. Thistle are generally the wild plants that live in the coastal areas, the ground-ground field, and in the meadows get a lot of sunlight.
Because it has spread to all parts of the world, the thistle or Calatropis giganteaini also has a common name, among others Madaar, Shwet Ankh (White of Eye) Giant milk weed, Crown flower, Swallow-wort, apple Sodom (Calotropis Procera).
Widuri or Calotropis gigantea form perennial shrub that can reach ± ​​0.5 -2 m.
Calotropis gigantea cylindrical rod with simpodial branching, whitish green color due waxed. If plated rod wounded will issue a milky white sap.
Calotropis gigantea leaves in the form of single-stemmed leaves short, thick, oval upside down, with the distinctive green color of leaves with a distinctive color. Flat leaf edge average, bone pinnate leaves. The top surface of the thick-haired young leaves, when parents become bald.
Position Calotropis Gigantea leaves grow opposite each other and with the intermittent position. between the two leaves will usually grow shoots / branches.
Calotropis Gigantea flower in the form of compound interest, rocky and long-stemmed, not have petals.
Calotropis Gigantea petals purple whitish waxy, anthers wide-angle 5, yellow-green, above the exotic angular shaped tube 5, colored purple, flowers growing in the armpits of leaves at the end or terminal portion.
Calotropis gigantea its fruit ovoid elongated like a tube with a hook-shaped end. green, 9-10 cm long. Seeds are small, oval, flat, brown, short hair and thick, similar to the lobe silk hair long, so that the seeds can be blown by the wind. Thistle can be propagated by seed.

Wijaya Kusuma Flowers (Epiphyllum Oxypetalum)

Wijaya Kusuma Flowers (Epiphyllum Oxypetalum) is a flower belonging to the hanging flower. This flowering plant has white flowers with long stalks sticking.Wijaya Kusuma flowers also have leaves that are a little wide and long with the bone structure of the leaves and the leaves are limp. These flowers are usually planted in pots and either hung on the wall or roof terrace of the house. When the flowers have started to emerge, it is very beautiful when viewed. This rare plant flowers bloom at night time, then wither, buds back in the morning. If you intend to plant these flowers then simply read the following guidelines:
Seeding
Flower nursery is done by splitting the root clump clump of seedlings. The trick first select and separate the seeds from breeders. Try to find a clump of sires are many and well. Having already be separated then can be directly planted in a planting medium that has been prepared.
Planting
First prepare the soil and manure / compost (1: 1) that has been thoroughly mixed. Once the seedlings are ready to be planted earlier in the planting medium that has been prepared beforehand. Make sure the seeds planted and already backfilled again properly. Give flush regularly to make good growth.
Care
Flush regularly when the plant will be dry and very hot weather only. Give the fertilizer in the form of fertilizers and organic puppuk as growth nutrients. Give regularly every 2-2.5 months.

Sesame (Sesamum Indicum)

There are many types of plants that can be cultivated in Indonesia. Some types of plants even have economic value that is high enough so that cultivation can be a promising business opportunity. One type of plant that is quite popular and often cultivated sesame. Sesame seeds are used as an ingredient in food or traditional cakes. Demand for sesame high enough in the market to make farming more attractive sesame many people.

Plant characteristicsBefore discussing the sesame cultivation techniques, it helps you know at a glance about the characteristics of this plant. Plants are thought to have come from Ethiopia is known as a plant that has a high protein content. The physical characteristics of sesame crops among others is a form of upright stems, wood swept four, branched and has a flower.

Terms GrowingThese plants can thrive in soil with a height of 1 to 1200 meters above sea level. In addition, another growing requirement that must be considered in planting sesame sesame plant is very sensitive to high rainfall, low temperatures and cloudy weather. The ideal temperature for cultivation ranges between 25 to 30 degrees Celsius, while precipitation ideal ranges from 300 to 1000 mm. 

Soil ConditionsSoil conditions also play an important role in how the cultivation of sesame plants. Type the best soil for this plant is a sandy loam soil. Ideal soil pH range of 5.5 to 8. Planting sesame on low ground is not recommended. In addition, the land must have good drainage. 

HatcheryThe first stage in the cultivation of sesame is seeding. The sesame seed plant seed derived from the parent plant. Characteristics of a good seed to be used as seed, among others, is derived from the parent plant that is healthy, free of pests and diseases, free from all forms of dirt, intact form, not wrinkled, and is derived from one variety. 

Land PreparationThe second stage in the cultivation of sesame is land preparation. Before you start planting, it is better done tillage to improve soil quality to meet the growing requirements. The things that need to be done at this stage of the processing of land is loosening the soil, provide fertilizer base, making drainage, as well as a raised bed.Fertilizer that can be given is the type of manure at a dose of 15 to 20 tonnes / ha. If necessary, may be given other types of fertilizers such as super TW at a dose of 3.5 ton / ha or Harmony BS-1 at a dose of 8 liters / ha. While the size of the beds to be made is 10 x 120 cm x 40 cm. Need to be made also to the drainage ditch with widths of 40 cm and depth of 50 cm. As for the moat surrounding the land can be made with widths of 60 cm and depth of 60 cm. 

PlantingBasically, sesame crop planting method can be divided into two types, namely planting in wetlands and planted on dry land. How to grow at almost the same wetland by planting on dry land. The only difference is the land management.To produce a crop with good quality, you have to pay attention to planting and spacing between plants. Spacing varies between 10 x 30 cm or 25 x 75 cm, depending on the variety cultivated. Varieties with little branching can use a closer spacing than the varieties that have many ramifications.In addition, you also have to pay attention to the cropping pattern. The cropping pattern is closely related to soil conditions. If you cultivate sesame in wetlands or paddy fields, cropping patterns began in the dry season. Conversely, if you grow sesame in dryland cropping begins in the rainy season. 

MaintenanceThere are many different types of activities do you do to maintain your quality sesame cultivated plants. Fertilization is an important part of maintenance. Fertilizer that can be used is the type of urea at a dose of 100 Kg / Ha. Another action that needs to be done is replanting, weeding and pest control.

Carrot (Daucus Carota)

What was the carrot ?? Carrots or carrots Latin name Daucus carota L. is a plant tuber vegetables are usually orange or white. Carrot is a biennial plant (life cycle of 12 -24 months) and classified on seasonal crops. Carrot plants are short-lived plant that ranges from 70-120 days depending on the variety.

Morphological features of plants of carrot leaves carrot plants including the leaves are compound, pinnate double two or three and stemmed. Her short stems so almost invisible, round, somewhat loud and 1-1.5 cm in diameter. Carrots have a taproot and fibers. The flowers grow at the end of the crop and double umbrella-shaped white and pink rather pale. Carrot seeds are seeds covered and shaped into pieces of two-color with a length of 3 mm and 1.5 mm. While the tuber is formed of a taproot changed into a backup storage of foods such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water.
There are several factors that influence the growth of carrots such as soil, temperature, precipitation, humidity, and solar radiation intensity. Carrots are usually grown on soil with good soil structure texture like andosol, alluvial, regosol and latosol usually found in the highlands but also can be cultivated in the lowlands. While the degree of acidity of the soil is suitably 5.5 - 6.5. temperature also affects primarily on metabolic processes, photosynthesis, transpiration, enzyme activity, absorption, absorption of nutrients and others. The optimum temperature for growth of carrots is 15.6 - 21.1 ° C, but if at a temperature of 26 ° C with a height of 500 m above sea level will produce tubers that are less satisfactory. While the temperature is too high will produce tubers are short and small. Precipitation also affect the productivity of the plant carrots, if the water shortage will hinder growth meal. Areas suitable for growing carrots is an area that has a wet climate (15-3 dry months in a year) and the climate is rather moist (3 - 4.5 months dry within 1 year) but carrot also tolerant of climate is very wet (0 - 1.5 dry months in one year). Air humidity suitable for growing carrots is 80 -90%. In addition, the intensity of solar radiation also affect the process of photosynthesis. The plants will show symptoms such etiolation grow elongated, thin, weak and pale when less sunlight. Such conditions cause the plants will form a tuber.
Things - things done in planting carrots are:
Preparation of seed:
To obtain optimal results, the source of seeds into the carrot seed should qualify as the plants grow lush and strong, is derived from the short-lived species, uniform shape, free of pests and diseases (healthy), and high production. The procedure for the preparation of carrot seeds are Choosing a good carrot seed that is derived from the varieties, pure and high kecambahnya power (over 90%). Rub the carrot seeds by using both hands to seed between one and the other attaches no. Carrot seeds soak in cold water for 12 -24 hours or in a nail Hangan water (60 ° C) for 15 minutes. The aim is to speed up the germination process. Drain carrot seeds in a container and carrot seeds are ready to be planted in soil.
Seeding
Carrot seed is sown directly in the soil planting, spread evenly on beds or with dicicir elongated in a row. Row spacing of about 15 cm, then if it has grown to be done so that the thinning of carrot plants within 3-5 cm of each other. Carrot seeds will begin to germinate after 8-12 days. The pile formation
Cultivate the land using a hoe until crumbly soil structure increases. Beds-beds created with width 120-150 cm, height 30-40 cm, while the distance between beds is 50-60 cm and length depending on the state of the land.
Liming
Liming is done when the pH of acidic soils under 5 is by sprinkling lime materials such as Calcit, Dolomite or Zeagro 1 evenly on the soil surface. Lime dosage in the range of 0.75 to 10.24 tonnes / ha. mixing chalk with top soil (top soil) while inverted until completely evenly. If it does not rain, which had been limed soil should be watered until quite wet.
Planting techniques
Garden soil that has been dug as deep as 30-40 cm, made beds of plants as wide as ± 100 cm and also made guritan a distance of ± 20 cm. How to planting carrot seeds, namely through the stages as follows: Spread or sprinkle carrot seeds evenly in the grooves / kerf-kerf already available. Closing carrot seeds with thin soil that is as deep as 0.5-1 cm. making shallow grooves are 5cm from the seed row direction (lengthwise) to lay the basic fertilizer. Type of fertilizer given a mixture of TSP ± 400 kg (± 200 kg P2 O5 / ha) and KCl 150 kg (± 75 kg K2O / ha). spread the fertilizer evenly, then cover them with a thin soil. closes each kerf (groove) with dry leaves or banana leaf midrib for ± 7-10 days to prevent runoff carrot seeds by sprinkling water and also serves to maintain the stability of soil moisture. After carrot seeds grown in the ground, then cover was soon reopened.
Plant Maintenance
Carrot plant maintenance by performing thinning and replanting, weeding, pembubunan, fertilization, and irrigation and watering the plants carrots. carrot plants require adequate water in the early phase of growth, so it needs to be watered (irrigated) continuously ie 1-2 times a day, especially during the dry season. The type of fertilizer used in the subsequent fertilization is urea or ZA. Dose of urea fertilizer used is 100 kg / ha or ZA 200 kg / ha. Timing of supplementary fertilizer can be carried out simultaneously with the weeding activities, namely when the plant carrot ages 1 month. Fertilizing good way is to spread evenly in the grooves or incorporated into a manure pit (drill) 5-10 cm depth of carrots, then covered with soil and watered or irrigated until slightly damp.
Plant Pests and Diseases
Pests that attack crops of carrots is ground caterpillar (Agrotis ipsilon Hufn.), Aphids (aphids, Aphis spp.), Flies or larvae you see (Psila Rosae). While the disease that often attacks the plant carrots is Cercospora leaf spot, root nodule Nematodes, Alternaria Rot. Chemical control can be done using the insecticide Furadan 3 G or 3 G Indofuran at the time of planting or sprayed with Hostathion 40 EC and others at the recommended concentration.
Harvesting
Carrots can be harvested after 100 days, depending on its type. Harvesting should not be delayed because the tubers will increasingly harden (woody) and is not preferred by consumers.
Harvest done by pulling the entire plant and its tubers and roots or soil advance to the harvesting process easier. Harvesting should be done the morning in order to be marketed.
Post-harvest: choose good bulbs and separate the bulbs are broken, flawed, and foul. After that store the harvest of carrots on the container or room temperature is cool and well ventilated. Tubers carrots into bonds so practical and easy to transport and storage.
Carrots are known to contain a lot of protein, carbohydrates, fat, fiber, beta-carotene (vitamin A), vitamin B, vitamin C, glutathione, containing Ca, Mg, Fe, P, S and Cl. The carrot can cures efficacious in several diseases such as high blood pressure, tighten the facial skin, high cholesterol, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, hepatitis, and prevent stroke.

Olive Olea Europaea

In 'Finding Blessing Lost', which among other things explains blessing as something that contains the goodness that very, very many. Night blessing worth about 29,500 times that of the other evening, pray at the Grand Mosque in Mecca blessed - even 100,000 times the value of prayer in other places. Imagine if we could bring it to the blessings around us, among others, through a blessed tree.

Using the analogy of the value of the night Laylat al Qadr and the blessed city of Mecca, God willing will be easier for us to understand how blessed tree - the olives - it could be a blessing that is very, very much, which is worth tens of thousand to one hundred thousand times that of other trees.
To be able to share the blessing of the olive tree to understand how it can be explained as follows:

Olive trees aged 1 year as shown below, Alhamdulillah can with relative ease produce 3 new olive trees with micro-cutting technology in one branch or branches. This technique requires only 4 to 6 leaf segment (about 10 cm) branches or twigs could be going to a new tree.

After this year (1 year old trees) produced 3 new trees, next year God willing there will be a minimum of three branches that could be cut again each into 3 new seedlings. Meaning trees a year now, when she was two years old he could produce 9 new tree plus 3 from the previous year, and so on.

In the seven years until 2020, the olive tree which is now one year old after offspring, God willing could produce about 7 million trees. This is possible with micro-cutting technique - which only requires branches / twigs small round about 10 cm of 4-6 leaf segments mentioned above.
The work is very large and heavy that certainly can not be done alone. Hopefully the great work we will share his knowledge and the seed so that it can be done-do by the public. Another great work is to find land where we can together to plant the tree later.

Necessary land area of ​​about 43 million hectares to plant a tree or about 5 times the area of ​​oil palm plantations in Indonesia today.
Not possible to obtain this area? may anyway possible but it certainly will not be easy because the 43 million hectares of land is the equivalent of approximately 22% of the area of ​​Indonesia. Not that we will plant 22% of Indonesia's land with olives, but the math is to show that even if we want to meet Indonesia with olive trees-even; seed which is now highly enough to do it.

Netherlands only need to bring four oil palm seeds for later Indonesia became the largest oil producer in the world within a few hundred years later. What we have now is not just the four seed, but a thousand seeds - that its duplication with micro-cutting can be much faster than the doubling of oil. That is mathematically-becomes very possible to grow olives in a way which is as massive planting.

More than that the olive is a blessed tree, which reportedly came directly from the All-knowing.

"Allah (giver) light (to) the heavens and the earth. The parable of His Light is like a hole that is not transparent, in which there is a lamp. Lamp is in a glass (and) the glass as it were a star (glowing) like pearls, which is lit with oil from a blessed tree, (ie) the olive tree, neither of the east (anything) nor next west (her), whose oil (only) almost illuminating, though no fire touched. Light upon light (layered), Allah guides to His light whom He wills, and Allah perpetrate for humans, and Allah knows all things. "(Qur'an 24:35).

So when needed hundreds of years to make Indonesia the largest oil producer in the world, it only takes about 10 years for Indonesia to equal the production of olive oil as big as the palm oil production now.

Oil production data mentioned above only until 2020 when the majority of the tree have not borne fruit, God willing all the trees will bear fruit within four years later, or 2023 - that is when the olive oil could replace us now.

This is the blessing that should perhaps form we can achieve it. Olives do not require the factory to make oil, which means that people can more easily be encourage to plant and cultivate themselves. So it was really a blessing of the rights of all people.

That the olive is a blessed tree - it is certainly true because God himself who proclaim, mathematics above only aids us to understand how the blessing very much that we can present all around us. Micro-cutting technique to multiply the olive trees of each of the leaf segments 4-6 God willing will also be part of the training in the community Indonesia after all the results of our experiments showed stable results. Insya Allah.

Cotton

Land Preparation

Farmers usually do not perform tillage or
perform a minimum tillage (minimum
tillage). The field work begins with a channel
drainage or paliran every 2 m with a depth of 25-30 cm
and width of 25-30 cm. Farmers who grow cotton will be
monocultures on former crops, making
paliran deeper. In this land crops such as cotton
can produce 4166 kg / ha. To inhibit
pertumbuan grass, land dututup with mulch before
cotton is planted.

Seed

Cotton seed varieties used are ISA 205
berkabu-Kabu as much as 15-20 kg / ha. Seed cotton obtained
of managers, namely PT Breadfruit. Soybean seeds are planted
Wilis are the varieties of 60-80 kg / ha. Farmers who
plant the seeds of green beans using 20-25 kg / ha.
Before planting, seed crops are treated with
insecticide seed contain active asefat.

Planting

Cotton and food crops grown in different ways.
Soybeans and green beans grown in dispersed,
whereas at the edge of cotton with ditugal paliran at 3-7
days after planting soybeans. After five hours of soaking, the seeds

Agriculture Technical Bulletin Vol. No. 12. 2, 2007

Fertilization is done by putting fertilizer on
near the plant. Fertilization is done by first
provide TSP 100 kg and 25 kg urea / ha. Second fertilization
performed 6 weeks after planting or after harvest cotton
soybean by giving 75 kg urea / ha. ACT
areas of high rainfall, the first fertilization
performed by giving 100 kg of TSP, 100 kg of KCl, and 50
ZA kg / ha; and fertilization both by providing 100
kg urea / ha. Typically, the second fertilization performed in
dry conditions, so that the necessary pengocoran water.

Pest / Disease

Before the soybeans are harvested, the cotton crop is still in the phase
vegetative growth. Intensive care after
soybean crop is harvested or when the cotton into
generative growth period, which began the formation of
flowers and fruit.

Cotton farmers in Brebes not know a lot of pe-
ngendalian integrated pest. In general, farmers
using insecticides to control pests
manner and timing of spraying is less precise.
They mix several types of insecticides and
spray the caterpillars are already big, so it is not effective.
Thus, in one season can be done
insecticide spraying of 6-10 times.

In addition to leaf-eating caterpillars, flower buds and fruit
cotton rat were also attacked. At the beginning of growth,
rat attack by cutting the plant, while
right during generative growth by eating
young fruits. Farmers have not applied the technique sedi-
Dalian effective against pest rodents.

Harvest and Postharvest

Soybeans are harvested when the leaves have yellowed and fall
and pods had turned yellow and dry. Green beans
harvested when 60% of pods have been black. Drying
soy beans made until the water content of 12%. Cotton is harvested
if 50-60% of men have broke perfectly. Delay
harvest time will degrade the quality of cotton fiber.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 shows that some of the means of production
farmers who used excess, for example the use of seed
rice and soybeans, insecticides, and herbicides. Standard dosage
rice seed is 25 kg, 30 kg of soybean (by way ditugal),

In the cropping pattern of intercropping cotton with soy and
green beans, cotton is planted on the edge paliran so it does not
interfere with soybean and green beans. This
shown by the results of soy and green beans on top
average, ie more than 600 kg / ha for soybean and more
of 400 kg / ha for green beans (Table 3). Thus,
If farmers grow cotton would receive an additional pen-
income. Cropping pattern of rice a year - cotton intercropping
followed by soybeans and green beans can provide
Rp3.384.805/ha revenue with B / C ratio of 0.385 (Table 4).

Table 3. Crop in the cropping pattern of rice - the cotton + soybean -
green beans, Brebes, 2002

Number
(Kg)

4578.5
1047.4
853
592.4

Price
(Rp)

1150
2100
2600
4200

Table 4. Rice cropping pattern of economic calculation - the cotton + soybean -
green beans, Brebes, 2002

Value
(Rp / ha)

12,170,695
3,157,370
5,628,520
3,384,805

0.385

Coffee

I. INTRODUCTION
Coffee Plant is a plant that is very familiar in the yards of rural population in Indonesia. If the potential of this powerful we can use commodity is not hard to make this a mainstay in the plantation sector. Just need a little touch of the technical cultivation
right, surely we are optimistic expectations into reality.

PT. Natural Nusantara trying to realize the hope along with a package of technical guidance and products without forgetting the aspect of K-3 is the quantity, quality and sustainability that has become one of the conditions of competition in the era of globalization.

II. LAND PREPARATION
- For the mountainous land / tilt for terrace.
- Reduce / add a fast growing shade trees approximately 1:4 to 1: 8 of the number of coffee plants.
- Prepare the manure as much as 25-50 kg cooked, spread the Natural GLIO, let stand one week and make the planting holes 60 x 60, or 75 x 75 cm with a spacing of 2.5 x2, 5 to 2.75 x 2.75 m at least 2 months before planting

III. SEEDLINGS
- Prepare a quality seeds from trees that have been known production of breeder seed is usually reliable.
- Create a box or bumbunan soil for seeding with a thick layer of sand about 5 cm.
- Create a shield with a midrib or paranet with a gradual reduction if the seedlings have grown
- Flush nurseries with the routine by looking at soil wetness
- Seeds will germinate more or less a month, select the seeds are healthy and do transfer to polybags with hati2 so roots are not broken in seeds 2 -3 months of age since the beginning of breeding
- Add NPK fertilizer as basal fertilizer (see table) until the age of 12 months
- Pour SUPERNASA dose of 1 tablespoon per 10 liters of water, take 250 ml per tree of the solution
- After the seedling age of 4 months 2 cap NASA POC spray per tank once a month until the age of 7-9 months and seedlings ready for planting

Fertilizer Dose Table for Coffee Seedlings

Age (months)

gr/m2
Urea

SP-36

KCl
3

10

5

5
5

20

10

10
7

30

15

15
9

40

20

20
12

50

25

25

Note: The type and dose of fertilizer could be as recommended by the local agricultural bureau. Note the soil moisture so that seeds are not affected by leaf rust attack.

IV. PLANTING
- Enter the manure with a mixture of top soil when planting seeds.
- Try planting time already entered the rainy season.
- Perform watering the soil after planting
- Avoid the risk of death of new crops from livestock disturbance.

V. Stitching
- Perform stitching immediately if the plant dies or symptoms of abnormal growth.
- Stitching done early rainy season

VI. Sprinkling
Do watering when the soil is dry or drought

VII. Fertilization
- Fertilization of NPK is given twice a year, the beginning and end of the rainy season.
- After the fertilizer should be watered.

The type and dose of fertilizer Macro corresponding table.

Year

gr / tree / year
Urea

SP-36

KCl
1
2 x 25 2 x 25 2 x 20
2
2 x 50 2 x 50 2 x 40
3
2 x 75 2 x 70 2 x 40
4
2 x 100 2 x 90 2 x 40
50-10
2 x 150 2 x 130 2 x 60
> 10
2 x 200 2 x 175 2 x 80

Note: The type and dose of fertilizer according to soil type or recommendations pertaniam local services

How to fertilization made a small hole around the plant as far as ¾ of the width of the canopy, ground manure entered and closed.
It would be better plus organic fertilizer SUPERNASA dose of 1 bottle to ± 200 plants. 1 bottle SUPERNASA diluted in 2-liter (2000 ml) of water used as mother liquor. Then every 1 liter of water was given 10 ml of mother liquor was for watering each tree or flush or kocorkan SUPERNASA 1 tablespoon per 10 liters of water every 3-6 months.
NASA POC spray cap 3-4 + 1-2 HORMONIK cap per tank every 1 month

VIII. Pruning
Perform regular pruning after the end of the harvest (severe pruning) to regulate the shape of growth, reduce branch shoots (wiwilan), aims to reduce evaporation and to form flowers, and the repair of damaged plant parts.
Pruning at the beginning or end of the rainy season after fertilization

IX. PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL

A. H A M A
1. Powdered coffee fruit (Stephanoderes hampei) attacks on fruit storage or while still in the garden. Prevention with BVR PESTONA or alternately
2. Branch borer brown and black (Cylobarus morigerus and Compactus) attacked twigs and branches. Prevention with PESTONA.
3. Fleas dompolan (Pseudococcus citri) attack flower buds, young fruit, twigs and young leaves, preventing use PESTONA, BVR or pentane. + AERO 810 alternately

B. DISEASE
1. Leaf rust disease caused by Hemileia vastatrix, preventive spray Natural GLIO
2. The fungus disease caused by Corticium salmonicolor Upas: Reduce moisture, scrape and apply preventive stem / twig with Natural GLIO + NASA POC
3. Black root disease causes Rosellina bunodes and R. arcuata. Marked with yellow leaves, wilting, hang and fall. Natural preventive GLIO
4. Brown root disease cause: Fomes lamaoensis or preventive Natural Phellinus lamaoensis GLIO
5. Disease brown spots on leaves by Cercospora cafeicola Berk et Cooke prevention with Natural GLIO
6. Died of disease at the end of Rhizoctonia ranting.Penyebabnya. GLIO Natural Preventative use.

Note: If the control of pests and diseases with natural pesticides have not been overcome, as the last alternative could be to use chemical pesticides are recommended. In order to spray more evenly and not easily lost by rainwater add Adhesives Straighten wetting AERO 810 dose of 0.5 bottles per tank cap

X. P A N E N
Coffee will be in production starting age of 2.5 years if well cared for and the fruit has shown the red color covering most of the plant, and carried out gradually according to the time of fruit maturity.

XI. PROCESSING RESULTS
To be prepared first place for drying, shelling and storage of crops from being damaged due to post-harvest pests. Fruit crops must be processed immediately after picking up to 20 hours to get good results.

Coffee Causes Damage to Rice:
1. Wrinkled seeds: origin of the fruit is still young
2. Bean hole: coffee powder attacked
3. Seeds reddish: Less clean wash
4. Seed rupture: parer less than perfect, is derived from the infected fruit powder, while stripping the coffee machine is too dry.
5. Broken seeds followed by color changes: evaporator and separator machine with seeds less than perfect skin, wet processing of fermentation in less than perfect.
6. Bean mottle: drying is incomplete, too long stored, the storage temperature is too moist.
7. Seed Pale: for too long kept in a humid
8. Seed skinned ari: Drying is not perfect or too long, the artificial drying temperature is too low early.
9. Gray, black beans: the artificial drying temperature is too high.
10. Dark brown spots: the artificial drying, the coffee is not often stirred / inverted.

Coconut

Coconut

(Cocos nucifera)

1.1. Brief History

Coconut plantation crops / industry in the form of tree trunks straight from the family Palmae. There are two opinions on the origins of oil that is from South America by DF Cook, Van Martius Beccari and Thor Herjerdahl and from Asia or the Indo-Pacific by Berry, Werth, Mearil, Mayurathan, Lepesma, and Pureseglove. Coco word was first used by Vasco da Gama, or can also be called Nux Indica, al djanz Al Kindi, ganz-ganz, nargil, narlie, tenga, temuai, coconut, and the tree of life.

1.2. Investment Centers

Coconut is widely available in countries of Asia and the Pacific that produces 5.276 million tonnes (82%) of world production with an area of ​​± 8.875 million ha (1984) covering 12 countries, while the rest of the countries in Africa and South America. Indonesia is the largest Coconut (3.334 million ha in 1990) spread in Riau, Central Java, West Java, East Java, Jambi, Aceh, North Sumatra, North Sulawesi, NTT, Central Sulawesi, South Sulawesi and the Moluccas, but the Filipinos under production (2.472 million tons with area of ​​3.112 million ha), amounting to 2.346 million tonnes.

1.3. Types of Plants

Coconut (Cocos nucifera) including familia Palmae divided into three: (1) Coconut in a variety viridis (green coconut), rubescens (red coconut), Macrocorpu (coconut gray), Sakarina (coconut sweet, (2) Coconut varieties genjah Eburnea ( ivory palm), regia varieties (king palm), pumila (coconut quail), pretiosa (king coconut Malabar), and (3) Coconut hybrid

1.4. Benefits of Plants

Coconut tree called life, because every part of the plant can be utilized as follows: (1) coir: coir fiber, mats, brooms, mats, fabric spring bed, (2) shell: charcoal, active carbon and crafts, (3) meat fruit: copra, coconut oil, coconut cream, coconut milk, grated dry coconut (desiccated coconut), (4) coconut water: vinegar, Nata de Coco, (5) rods klelapa: building materials for the frame or the roof, (6) coconut leaves : Lidi for brooms, woven goods (party decorations or Mayang), (7) sap of coconut: brown sugar (coconut)

II. GROWTH CONDITIONS

2.1. Climate

1.

Coconut grows well in areas with rainfall between 1300-2300 mm / year, even up to 3800 mm or more, as long as the soil has good drainage. However, the distribution of rainfall, the ability of soil to hold rainwater and ground water depth, is more important than the amount of rainfall throughout the year.
2.

Wind plays an important role in pollinating flowers (for cross pollination) and plant transpiration.
3.

Coconut liked the long exposure to sunlight with a minimum of 120 hours / month as an energy source of photosynthesis. When shaded, the growth of young plants and fruit will be too late.
4.

Coconut is very sensitive to low temperatures and grow best at a temperature of 20-27 degrees C. At a temperature of 15 degrees C, there will be changes in physiological and morphological plant coconut.
5.

Coconut grows well in average monthly rH 70-80% minimum of 65%. When the air is very low rH, high evapotranspiration, plant drought early fruit fall (before cooking), but when the rH is too high causing pests and diseases

2.2. Media Plant

1.

Coconut plants grown on different soil types such as alluvial, laterite, volcanic, sandy, clay, or rocky ground, but the best in alluvial deposits.
2.

Coconuts can thrive at pH 5-8, optimum at pH 5.5-6,5. In soil with pH above 7.5 and there is no balance of nutrients, often show symptoms of iron deficiency and manganese.
3.

Coconut requires available soil water conditions ie when the moisture content of soil at a rate of evapotranspirasirasi or when water supply plus rainfall during a month is greater than or equal to potential evapotranspiration, the soil water is available. Soil water balance is influenced by physical properties of soil especially organic matter content and soil cover conditions. Container or the desired minimum soil depth of 80-100 cm.
4.

Coconut plants require land that is flat (0-3%). At the level of land slope is high (30-50%) should be created terraces to prevent soil damage by erosion, maintain soil fertility and improve soil that had erasi.

2.3. Altitude Place
Coconut plants grow well lowland areas with optimal height of 0-450 m above sea level. At an altitude of 450-1000 m above sea level late fruiting time, the production of small and low oil levels.

III. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR CULTIVATION

3.1. Nurseries

3.1.1. Seed Requirements

Terms of the parent tree is 20-40 years old, the production of high (80-120 grains / tree / year) continuously with high levels of copra (25 kg / tree / year), strong and straight trunk with a crown-shaped sperical (spherical) or semisperical, leaves and strong stems, free of pests and diseases.

Characteristic of ripe fruit for seed, that is, age ± 12 months, 4 / 5 parts of the skin is brown, round and slightly oval shape, fiber is not wound, does not contain the pest, fruit length 22-25 cm, 17-22 cm wide pieces, smooth and seamless fruit, juice enough, when shaken by a loud sound.

3.1.2. Seed Preparation

Seed selection as required, rest the seeds for ± 1 month in a warehouse with fresh air and dry conditions, do not leak, does not directly exposed to sunlight and air temperature of 25-27 degrees C in the barn and done by piling the fruit in a single pyramidal height of 1m and routinely observed.

3.1.3. Seed Seeding Techniques

1.

Nurseries
1.

Terms location of the nursery: a flat topography, good drainage, near water sources with considerable numbers, near the planting site.
2.

Seedbed preparation or polybag
Friable deep tillage to 30-40 cm, form beds with a width of 2 m, height 25 cm and length depends land with 60-80 m spacing between beds For poly bags, made of polyethylene / poliprophylene black with size 50 x 40 cm and 0.2 mm thick, the bottom of the hole diameter of 0.5 cm by 7.5 cm spacing between holes as many as 48 pieces for aeration and drainage and filled with finely ground top soil (if soil sand should be mixed 2:1 by weight) as high as 2 / 3.
3.

Nursery, with a slit width of ± 5 cm seed in fiber protrusion facing the side of the widest side of the stalk with a sharp instrument, and should not be repeated.
4.

Desifektan seeds with insecticides and fungicides (Azodrin 60 EC 4F difolatan 0.1% and 0.1%) for two minutes.
5.

Planting seeds in the soil as deep as 2 / 3 of the incision facing upwards and mikrofil to the east.
6.

Planting by the position of the triangle intersect. Each one square meter can be charged 30-35 seeds or 25,000 points for one hectare area.
- Old nursery 5-7 months; spacing of 60x60x60 cm; number of seeds 24.000/ha.
- Old nursery 7-9 months; spacing of 60x60x60 cm; number of seeds 17.000/ha.
- Old nursery 9-11 months; spacing of 60x60x60 cm; number of seeds 1.000/ha.
7.

When sowing in the seedbed, then after the seeds germinate (sprout length 3-4 cm) should be transferred to polybags.
8.

Nursery in polybags lasts for 6-12 months, leafless and ± 6 strands of 90-100 cm high.
2.

Nurseries Kitri
1.

Terms of places: the land flat, open, near water, near arel cropping, fairly fertile and easily monitored
2.

How to make beds:
- Soil processing depth of 30-40 cm, cleaned of weeds / rocks and digemburkan.
- Forms of bed measuring 6 x 2 x 0.2 meters with 80 cm spacing between beds, as a drainage channel.
3.

Mengajir: Mengajir accordance with the spacing of seedlings of 60 x 60 x 60 cm.
4.

Planting sprouts:
- Plant a seed sprouts according to the size.
- Plant a seedling in the hole with the embedded to the base plumula.

3.1.4. Maintenance Seeding

Maintenance at the nursery, including:

1.

Watering, made using yells or springkel in two days I 5 liter/m2/hari, every morning and afternoon, and then 6 liter/m2/hari. To determine whether or not watering enough, then after 2 hours at the incision is pressed with the thumb, when out of water so watering has been enough.
2.

Cleaning of grasses to prevent pests and disease and host.

Maintenance at the time of breeding, namely:

1.

Watering, made up of saturated, then be doused with yells, hose or spingkel in the morning and afternoon. Needs watering per polybag per day, depending on the age of seedlings.
2.

Protection, with the provision of insecticide or fungicide with an average dose of 2 cc / liter and sprayed on plants until the wet and uneven.
3.

Weeding, is done every month, with mechanical and herbicide.
4.

Fertilization, ie Nitrogen, Phosphate, Potassium and Magnesium are conducted once every month with mencampurakannya polybag into 3 cm thick soil.
5.

Selection of seedlings, including: separating a dwarf plant, exposed to disease and pests and is done continuously at intervals of 1 month after 1-month-old seedlings Conditions good seed:

3.1.5. Seed removal

Transfer of seedlings should be during the rainy season, by the way:

1.

Seeds kitri; transferred in the form of seeds scraped from nursery seedlings are dismantled. Age of seedlings when the transfer has reached 9-12 months. The transfer must be cautious and guarded kitri the objec intact.
2.

Polybag seedlings; moved at the age of 9-12 months. Two to three days before being moved out of the polybag roots should be cut.

3.2. Media Processing Plant

3.2.1.Persiapan
Preparation that is needed is the cultivation of land preparation and implementation of the survey. The goal is to determine the type of plant, soil slope, soil conditions, determine the need for labor, materials and costs necessary paralatan.

3.2.2. Land Opening

1.

Forested land. Activities undertaken include: (a) the felling shrubs or perdubahkan didongkel when possible, collected, dried and burned, (b) The felling of trees, with a height depending on size of tree felling.
2.

Land the old palm plants. Old coconut trees felled on the root neck. Where possible palm trunks can be sold as building materials.
3.

The area of ​​reeds.

Actions taken can be divided into two kinds, namely:

1.

High reeds <>
*

Reed tripe becomes ± 20 cm, then allowed to regrow to 30-40 cm.
*

Spray with a herbicide containing the active ingredient glyphosate (Round up) as much as 5 liters, 2.4 diamine, MSMA, and Dowpon. Pengguanan Round-up for each hectare is required.
*

After two weeks, spraying a correction by using a round-up spot spraying as much as 0.5 liters per hectare
2.

Reed height> 80 cm; As in point 2 and 3 for the reed <>
1.

Former agricultural land
No need pembuakaan land again, and can be directly carried out the actions pengajiran, making a planting hole, planting legumes and other necessary measures further.

3.2.3. Establishment of beds
Beds made circular with a diameter of 200 cm locations to prevent the rain into the neck of the plant stems of seedlings.

3.2.4. Liming
Liming done when the soil has a high acidity. Carried on soil liming to pH 6-8.

3.2.5. Fertilization
Fertilization using TSP fertilizer as much as 300 grams for each hole (the location of the planted) by top soil mixed with soil in the north of the hole, then put the soil in the hole.

3.3. Planting techniques

3.3.1. Determination of Planting Pattern
A good cropping system is a triangular planting system for utilization of land and capture the sun will be maximum. Spacing is 9 x 9 x 9 meters, with this pattern the number of plants will be more 15% of the system squares.

3.3.2. Preparation of Planting Holes

Preparation of the planting hole be at least 1-2 months before planting to eliminate the acidity of the soil, measuring 60 x 60 x 60 cm up to 100 x 100 x 100 cm. Making holes on sloping land (> 20o) is done by making an individual terrace width of 1:25 m in the direction and 1 m above the slope toward the slope below. Terrace sloped 10 degrees inward.

3.3.3. Planting Method

Planting is done at the beginning of the rainy season, when rain falls regularly and enough to wet the soil; planting time is in months after the rainfall in the previous month to reach 200 mm. The way of planting is as follows:

1.

Top soil mixed with phosphate fertilizer 300 grams per hole and inserted into the planting hole.
2.

Polybag circular cut on the bottom, inserted into the planting hole, and made slices to the end, bejkas polybag then hung on stakes to make sure that the polybag is removed from the planting hole. Planting should be the same direction.
3.

Ditimbuan seeds land in the south and north of the hole, compacted with ketebalajn 3-5 cm above the seedlings of coconut coir.
4.

Needs seeds 1 ha, if spacing 9 x 9 x 9 m, equilateral triangle, is a 143 stem and seed reserves that should be provided for embroidery 17 batangj, so the number of seeds that must be provided 160 rods.

3.3.4. Other

1.

Mulching.
After planting, the soil around tanjaman covered with mulch (green leaves of bushes, weeds or other grasses and straw).
2.

Planting cover crops
Done before the rainy season with family Legminosae (Legume Cover Crop, LCC) to seed the ground cover does not rot. The advantage suppress weed growth and development of pest Oryctes rhinoceros, fix nitrogen content and improve soil structure, reduce evaporation, prevent erosion and retain runoff, decrease the amplitude of the temperature day and night.

3.4. Plant Maintenance

3.4.1. Thinning and Stitching

Stitching done on growing dwarf plants attacked by pests and diseases, severe and dead, performed during the rainy season after the previous crop didongkel and burned in the dry season. Needs of plants depending on climate and intensity of maintenance is usually to 143 stems / ha 17 stems.

3.4.2. Weeding

Weeding done on disc 1 meter in width, 1.5 meters in the second, third and 2 meters. The way to use leftovers or machete swung inward, cutting the weeds until the limit of the soil surface at intervals of 4 weeks of weeding once (rainy season) or 6 weeks-2 months (dry season).

3.4.3. Pembubunan
Done after the crop yield by heap soil around the tree on the upper surface to cover part of the trunk near the roots.

3.4.4. Perempalan
Made to cover the leaves and flowers that have been dry (brown), with how to climb coconut trees to fall or be left alone.

3.4.5. Fertilization

Fertilization is done if the land can not meet the required nutrients.
a) At the age of 1 month were given 100 grams of urea / tree spread at a distance of 15 cm from the base of the stem.
b) Next two times a year ie in April / May (end of rainy season) and October / November (beginning of rainy season).

Method of fertilizer application:

1.

spread in a circle surrounding the plant.
2.

Fertilizer N, K, Mg administered concurrently while the P 2 weeks earlier.
3.

Prior to nitrogen fertilizer is given, the land digemburkan to avoid mixing with phosphate fertilizer as it can be detrimental. On immature plants disebarkaan 30 cm from the base of the stem to the edge of the canopy.
4.

Cover with soil manure spreading area.

Coconut crop fertilizer doses according to age of plants (g / tree):

1.

When planting: RP = 100 grams / tree.
2.

One month after the plant: Urea = 100 grams / tree, TSP = 100 grams / tree, KCl = 100 grams / tree, Kieserite = 50 grams / tree.
3.

The first year
1.

Application I: Urea = 200 grams / tree, KCl = 300 grams / tree, Kieserite 100 grams / tree.
2.

Applications II: Urea = 200 grams / tree, TSP = 250 grams / tree, KCl = 300 grams / tree, Kieserite = 100 grams / tree, Borax = 10 grams / tree
4.

Sophomore year
1.

Application I: Urea = 350 grams / tree, KCl = 450 grams / tree, Kieserite = 150 grams / tree.
2.

Applications II: Urea = 350 grams / tree, TSP = 600 grams / tree, KCl = 450 grams / tree, Kieserite = 150 grams / tree and Borax 25 grams / tree.
5.

Third Year
1.

Application I: Urea = 500 g / tree, KCl = 600 grams / tree, Kieserite = 200 grams / tree.
2.

Applications II: Urea = 500 g / tree, TSP = 800 grams / tree, KCl = 600 grams / tree and Kieserite = 200 grams / tree.
6.

Fourth Year
1.

Application I: Urea = 500 g / tree, KCl = 600 grams / tree, Kieserite = 200 grams / tree.
2.

Applications II: Urea = 500 g / tree, TSP = 800 grams / tree, KCl = 600 grams / tree and Kieserite = 200 grams / tree.
Simak
Baca secara fonetik
Beri peringkat terjemahan

3.4.6. Irrigation and Watering
Watering is done in the dry season to prevent dryness done two or three days once in the evening. You do this by pouring water through ditches in sekitarbedengan or by direct watering.

3.4.7. Pesticide Spraying Time
Done every 20 days with use traditional Sevin 85 WP, 10 grams Basudin, Bayrusil 25 EC with kosenttrasi eraser 0.4% 0.6% 10 days or every 20 days. I use the sprayer.

3.4.8. Other

Repair drainage / wash ditch / drain got done early rainy season by the way: memabat weeds in ditches, raking weeds with a hoe on the channel walls, are collected in the middle, separate the weed to the ground by menghempas-hempaskan weeds with a hoe and remove all dirt from the trenches , lift soil erosion into the trench, the trench form according to the size, keep the water can flow properly, execution begins from the estuary to the upstream.

There are several ways to sanitation in the cultivation of coconut, among others:

1.

Sanitary manner Hurdles
1.

burning scrap wood in gawangan with caution.
2.

collecting trash and scrap wood at high gawangan with no more than 40 cm, wide stacks 1 x 1 meter.
2.

How to sanitation tree
1.

freed from all impurities tree crowns and dry ingredients in gawangan.
2.

Burn with caution.

3.5. Pests and Diseases

3.5.1. Pests shoots

1.

Coconut beetle (Oryctes Rhinoceros)
Characteristics: the shape of a beetle with a size of 20-40 mm black color to the shape of horns on the head Symptoms: (1) These pests damage plants aged 1-2 years, (2) 0-1 year old plants, the hole at the base of the stem may cause death growing point or terpuntirnya midrib of leaves that were damaged, (3) in mature plants occur on the midrib youngest hole that has not been open, (4) a characteristic that caused the cut leaf shaped like a triangle, (5) a dangerous stage is stage imago (adult ) is a beetle; Control: (1) orchard sanitation of the remains of felled palm trunks (2) the use of viruses and Mettarrizium Bacullovirus oryctes arrisophiae; (3) gives carbofura (Furadan 3G) or carbaryl (Sevin 5G) 10/pohon with intervals of 2 months.
2.

Sago beetle (Rhynchophorus ferruginous)
Characteristics: imago, beetle-shaped with a 11-18 day gestation period. Its hallmark is staying in the cocoon until hard. Symptoms: destroy the roots of young plants, stem and canopy, canopy damage in adult plants, the shoots gerekan cause broken tops, burrow gerekan out red-brown colored mucus. Control: (1) avoid injury, when the wound was covered, (2) cut and burn the infected plants, (3) garden sanitation, (4) is Thursday with the insecticide Thiodan 35 EC 2-3 cc / liter of solution, Basudin 10 G and Sevin 85 SP on the wound and it is estimated there are sago beetle attacks;

3.5.2. Pests Leaves

1.

Sexava sp
Characteristics: grasshopper perfectly with the size of 70-90 mm, green sometimes brown. Developmental period of 40 days. Symptoms: (1) destroy old leaves and in urgent situations, also damage the young leaves, fruit peel and flowers; (2) rampant in the dry season, (3) to attack the great palm leaf rib-lidinya lived alone.
Control: (1) mechanical means: to destroy eggs and nimfanya, catch grasshoppers (in Sumatra with mixed adhesive Agrocide, Lidane or HCH, which is mounted around the shaft) to impede females lay eggs in the base of the stem and the nymphs will catch up to the tree, (2 ) how technical culture: planting cover crops (LCC), for example, Centrosema sp., Calopogonium sp., etc., (3) how to Thursday: menyrmprot with one or more insecticides, such as BHC or 19.2 Endrin EC 2cc/liter water, sprayed around the base of the stem up to 1 meter high, the soil around the base of the stem diameter of 1.5 m 6 liters / tree. Other insecticides that can be used: Sumithion 50 EC, 25 EC Surecide, Basudin Elsan 90 SC or 50 EC, (4) biological means: using parasitic Leefmansia bicolor but the results are not satisfactory.
2.

Lice Aspidiotus sp
Characteristics: flea armored, winged males with a size of 1.5 to 2 females, male 0.5 mm. Imago male red / pink and yellow to red females. Symptoms: (1) yellow blotches on the lower leaf surface, (2) in severe attacks the leaves grayish-red color, not developing (still small), not straight, then editorial droop and die, (3) due to an attack in 2-5 years time would not bear fruit. Control: use of natural enemies are predators or parasites Cryptognatha nodiceps Marshall Comperiella unifasciata Ishii.
3.

Parasa lepida
Characteristics: butterfly wing 32-38 mm berentang golden yellow young, ± 375-day growth period. Symptoms: children eating a lower leaves of the local-local, but not until translucent, leaving ketaman / bite widened so that the living veins and leaf tissue above, the older caterpillars destroy the leaves from the edge to the center until lidinya, onslaught live lidinya and appear bald. Control: (1) using natural enemies of the caterpillar parasite Apanteles parasae (2) the cocoon of the parasitic flies can use your Chaetexorista Javana, (3) perogolan trees attacked during the caterpillar stage, or by collecting its cocoon, (4) spraying with insecticides Dimecron 50 EC. Suprecide 10 or injecting the stem with Ambush 2 EC 2-3 cc / liter of water in the larval stage of concentration.
4.

Darna sp
Characteristics: imago butterfly-shaped with a wing span of 14-20 mm. 30-90 days growth period. Symptoms: (1) in the dry season, leaving an irregular bite marks on the older leaves, midrib lowest leaves droop, (2) leaves a great damage to red-anchor, except for some leaf bud and the youngest, (3) stem- fruit bunches and leaves droop like wilted right down, especially if dry-down and ultimately depend on the trunk. (4) fruit fall; (5) leaves absolute seated as usual, but sometimes beginning a red anchor. Only the bud and leaves are very young intact. Control: (1) hold pronggolan leaves and then burn it, (2) using the parasitic enemies of parasite pupae Chaetexorista Javana, Ptycnomyaremota, Musca conducens; or parasitic wasp-wasp Chrysis and Syntomosphyrum, (3) inject the pesticide Ambush 2 EC 2-3 cc / liter of water or spray the larval stage. Or Agrothion 50 EC insecticide concentration 0,2-0.4%, Basudin 60 EC with a concentration of 0.3%.
5.

Caterpillars Artona (Artona catoxantha)
Symptoms: (1) on the leaf blade damage occurred in the presence of a hole like a tiny window, (2) if the heavy attack, the canopy of palm plants wilt and look like burned, (3) on the underside of leaves seen some children / ex-ladder-like attack, with bone leaf transverse direction as the stairs, (4) is a dangerous stage larvae. Control: (1) if every two midrib there are 5 or more stages of life it is necessary to penangkasan all the leaves, and left only the youngest leaves 3-4, (2) using kemit wasp (Apanteles artonae) destructive caterpillars or Ptircnomya and Cardusia leefmansi , (3) using insecticide Ambush 2 EC 5 grams / hectare through stem injections or spraying the larvae stage.

3.5.3. Pests Flowers

1.

Coconut flower moth (Batrachedra sp.)
Symptoms: holes in the sheath of interest that have not opened, then into the male and female flowers. In a short time the male flowers became blackish, removing sap and female flowers eventually fall out. Control: (1) whitewash the hole with Basudin 60 EC or sprayed with BHC with a concentration of 0.1%, (2) biologically with the parasite Sylino sp.
2.

Caterpillars Tirathaba
Characteristics: dirty brown caterpillar lengthwise stripes on his back, measuring 22 mm. Keperidiannya period of 12-31 days. Symptoms: (1) male flowers more holes than the female flowers, (2) new fruit sometimes with holes, (3) lots of caterpillar droppings (4) male flowers fall-dankotoran other impurities embedded into a clotted Small-glob, (5) full flower excrescence kotaoran and smelly. Control: (1) mengumpulakn flowers are attacked and burned, (2) Virgin cutting and burning, (3) wash the base of the palm leaves from the pupae and larvae, (4) using the parasitic pests that destroy eggs Telenomus tirathabae 6%, Apanteles Tirathabae destroy the young caterpillars 18-40%, parasitic flies Eryciabasivulfa 6-3% kill caterpillars, pupae parasite Melachnineumon muciallae, Trichhospilus Anacryptus impulsator pupivora and each has the power to kill 10%, 2% and 3.5%. Cecopet kind of Exypnus pulchripenneis caterpillars eat you alive, (5) using the insecticide Sevin 85 S by spraying at the base of the flower and leaf.

3.5.4. Fruit Pests

1.

Tree rat, Rattus rattus Roque
Characteristics: live in soil, rice field, or in the house. Symptoms: (1) coconut hollow near tampuknya., (2) holes in the husk and shell the same size. Uneven shape sometimes round, sometimes wide. Control: (1) hunt mice, set traps or bait, poisoned bait, (2) sanitation crown of palm leaves so as not to be a rat's nest.
2.

Squirrel / squirrel, Callosciurus notatus and C. Nigrovitatus
Symptoms: (1) gnawing a coconut that was rather old at the end of the fruit, (2) holes on the movement of the spherical shell, but the fibers are not flat, (3) content of fruit eaten for 2-3 days, (4) a squirrel 1-2 fruit damage in 1 month. Control: same as the eradication of rats.

3.5.5. Pests Seeds

1.

Cottonwoods termite, Coptotermes curvignatus.
Characteristics: brown-black imago (alates, kalekatu, siraru). Symptoms: (1) termite attack by damaging the seed husk of the fruit or seed sowing. The attack occurred on land lateris textured argillaceous sand the nest, (2) bud seedlings wilt and die. Young coconut trees sometimes die anyway bud then perish. In the trunk is often visible termite tunnel created from the ground, from the bottom upwards. Control:
(1) at the time of making the nursery and open soil, plant debris removed / burned, (2) make a seedbed with a given layer of clean river sand and thick. Or mix the soil with BHC 10% with a dose of 65 kg / ha before sowing, (3) do seedtreatment on the seed before sowing with Azodin.
2.

Beetle coconut seedlings (Plesispa reichei Chap)
Characteristics: imago-shaped beetle with keperidian period of 90 days. Symptoms: (1) leaves of seedlings or young coconut leaves are 1-4 years old at first striped beetles eat the former. The lines become broad united. These places or dry rot, (2) coconut leaves can be dried or shredded as affected by high winds, (3) a severe attack can kill seedlings or young plants. Control: (a) the taking of each stage by hand, (2) sprayed with Diacin 60 EC at a dose of 1.5 to 2 cc / liter of water, (3) provide Furadan 3 G at 2-5 grams per polybag seedlings; (4 ) biological means with parasite eggs and Haeckliana Oencyrtus corbetti brontispae or parasitic wasp larvae and pupae Tetrastichodes plesispae.
3.

Grasshoppers coconut seedlings, Valanga transiens
Characteristics: imago red-blushed yellow anchor. His legs yellowish. On the back foot two black spots visible. At the rear syap, ayaitu yabng no bright red color on base. 37-50 mm long male grasshopper, are females 55-60 mm. Symptoms: (1) bite that does not irregular on palm leaves of seedlings under 1 year and who have not split, (2) for seedlings which have been opened daunya not suffer too much by this attack. Control: by spraying Basudin Dimecron 60 EC or 50 EC.

3.5.6. Attacking Seedling Diseases

1.

Leaf spot disease (Gray leaf spot), fungi cause Pestalotia palmarum Cooke.
Symptoms: (1) arising out of translucent patches of light on leaves and then turns brown to yellowish gray, (2) patches together to form larger spots which are spots of fungus acervuli . Control: seedlings are sprayed with a fungicide such as Dithane M-45 or Perenox with a dose of 0.1-0.2%.
2.

Leaf rot disease (spear rot)
Cause: The fungus Fusarium sp. Symptoms: (1) arising pedicab rickshaw-opaque on the leaf surface which then immediately became brown and often united to form a larger rickshaws, (2) on a rickshaw there are flecks consisting acervuli fungus, (3) leaves that are attacked will die more quickly. Control: menyemprotan seedlings or young plants with a fungicide containing copper compounds, such as porridge or Koper Oxyclorida Bordo.
3.

Leaf spot disease (Brown leaf)
Cause: The fungus Helminthosporium incurvatum. Symptoms: (1) on the surface of the leaves arise small round patches which later grew and changed color to dark brown, (2) patches are then changed into an oval and elongated. Control: spray seedlings or newly transferred tanamanmuda with Difolatan 4F fungicide, Dithane M-45 or 75 WP Daconil.
4.

Bud rot disease (Pre-emergent shoot rot).
Cause: The fungus Marasmius palmavirus. Symptoms: (1) attack the seeds of new growth. In the early stages of infection, when opened sabutnya visible blotches and a layer of white mycelia are white or reddish in the bud and leaf edges will, (2) disease can arise from contaminated seed, good time on the field as well as time of germination. Control: (1) to prevent infection of the seed, before the seeds disemauikan didesinfektir should advance with the fungicide by soaking in a solution Difolatan 4F, (2) try to avoid the occurrence of sanitation and the humidity is too high dipersemaian, because the fungus will grow well on high humidity.

3.5.7. Young Plant Disease Strikes

1.

Bud rot disease (Bud rot); cause of the fungus Phytophthora palmivora Butler.
Symptoms: (1) drying of the young leaves in the middle of the canopy, (2) leaves brown and broken at its base, (3) the base of the rot, which can then reach the growing point so that plant growth stalled and died; Control: unknown how appropriate and effective countermeasures.
2.

Cobweb disease (leaf blotch); cause fungus Corticium penicillatum.
Symptoms: (1) the existence of small pedicab rickshaw-wet, generally on the lower surface of leaves of coconut seedlings, rounded, less than 3 mm in diameter and light brown (2) speck-rickshaws are expanding rapidly, and it turned into an old cokalt. Some pedicab united and necrosis of the elongated irregular. How to prevent: (1) spray seedlings or young plants with a fungicide such as Benlate, Dithane M-45, or more, (2) the affected leaves should be cut and burned, (3) avoid the humidity is too high.

3.5.8. Attacking Generating Plant Diseases

1.

Bud rot disease (Bud rot)
Cause: The fungus Phythopthora palmivora, Erwinia sp., Bacillus sp., Physiological causes and effects of lightning sembaran. Symptoms: (1) buds or leaf buds will decay before they grow out. Goto the decay will spread more. When the base of the stem exposed, the plants wilt and eventually die, (2) in old plants, the crown looks yellowed and is slowly falling from the tip. The fruits are young and then fall out. In severe damage, the crown of autumn leaves in full. Control: (1) if these symptoms occur, give bordo paste 1% on the expected this disease, has previously been cleaned in advance, (2) spray the slurry Bordo 1% or other fungicides such as Koper oxyclorida, Dithane M-45 and alin -other to prevent transmission.
2.

Natuna wilt disease
Cause: Thielaviopsis sp., Botrydiplodia sp., Fusarium sp., Chlaropsis sp., Bacteria Erwinia sp., And Pseudomonas sp. Symptoms: (1) wilt appear suddenly in all parts of the leaf crown. Then the color changes to dull, midrib, midrib and eventually falling below hanging fruit bunches (2) the death process is very fast 1-3 hoax since the initial symptoms begin to appear. Pengendalaian: (1) the arrangement of ground water by creating drainage channels, (2) pengoalah abik land, in the form of maintenance, fertilizing and planting the appropriate pattern, (3) quarantine of plants in order to avoid traffic that could lead to dark spread of disease from one area to another, (4) planting the seeds of a healthy, fertile and strong. Dismantle and destroy diseased plants.
3.

Yellow wilt disease symptoms
Cause: (1) environmental factors such as poor aera, waterlogging and drought, (2) technical culture factors, such as how the cultivation of land that is not according to the rules, improper use of pesticides, fertilizers yangkurang and irregular, (3) state of vegetation , for example, many garden weeds and dirty, (4) Factor pests / diseases that proliferate without control, (5) physiological factors, such as interference with the roots due to the lack of suitable soil conditions, so that the disturbed metabolism of plants. Symptoms: (1) all or part of the leaf is yellow, especially when exposed to sunlight, (2) plants grown dwarf, growing to the size of the midrib and leaf buds smaller, (3) most of the upper stem of thin and bend at the tip and part of the midrib bottom hung and dried, (4) flowers and fruit will be rare. Young fruit dropping off and very few are able to grow old. Small fruit size and irregular-sided terms, (5) the size of the Virgin who grew ill after trees are shorter and smaller, and the open fissure is not perfect. Sometimes Mayang still wrapped, (6) rot rot disease resembling attacks. Control: performed through improved sanitation, technical culture and other actions.
4.

Leaf spot disease
Cause: The fungus Pestalotia sp., Gloeosporium sp., Helminthosphorium sp., Fusarium sp., Thielaviopsis sp., Curvularia sp., And Botrydiplodia sp. The spread of the disease through the dissemination of spores through the air, water or insects. Symptoms: (1) in young and old leaves are rickshaw-rickshaws in various forms and shapes, (2) in various parts of the leaf color changes, initially in the form of spots of yellow, then green fade away, (3) spots bright spots leave scars in the form of a specific color such as black, gray and brown. Sections were then dried as dead tissue, (4) form edge-rickshaw pedicab irregular, there is a circle, oval, oblong or rhombic, (5) on a heavy attack throughout the crown and the leaves look dry, the leaves in a state mennutup . In plants that have been fruitful, due to the indirect fruits of the young or the pistil fall prematurely. Control: (1) cut off the affected leaves, then baked until they run out, (2) plants sprayed with fungicides, such as Dithane M-45, Difotan 4F, Koper Oxychlorida or Cobox 50, with a concentration of 0.1-0.2%.
5.

Diseases fall fruit (immature Nut Fall)
Cause: The fungus Phythophthora palmivora. Symptoms: (1) fruit fall, (2) at the base there is a section of rotten fruit. Or as a result of the fungus Thielaviopsis paradoxa. Control: (1) fertilization and regular provision of water in the dry season, (2) spray the affected plants with a fungicide containing copper, such as porridge or Koper Oxyclorida Bordo.
6.

Stem rust disease
Cause: The fungus Ceratostomella paradoxa. Symptoms: (1) rods become damaged, and from the crevices of stem rust-colored liquid will come out, where the tissue has been damaged in this section, (2) occurs physiological disorders that affect growth. Control: cut or scrape the damaged part, cover with a cover wounds (eg ter).
7.

Root rot disease
Cause: the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Symptoms: root decay caused by the surface of the shallow ground water, bad drainage and poor air system. Control: improvement of soil physical properties and manufacture of drainage channels. Diseased trees dismantled and burned in a separate place.
8.

Root disease
Cause: The fungus parasite which is sometimes exacerbated also by a disturbance of parasitic nematodes. Symptoms: (1) a change in leaf color gradually. Pale yellow color on the lower leaves gradually lost to the younger leaves, (2) the ends of the leaves shriveled and many are dry. These symptoms such as symptoms of nutrient deficiency, due to interference with transport in plant tissues. Control: a technical culture and sanitary manner as is done in the Natuna wilt disease.

3.5.9. Weeds

1.

Lalang (Imperata cylinddrica), high growth can reach 1-2 feet, spread very quickly through rhyzoma (rhizomes) and a winged fruit.
2.

Puzzles (Cyperus rotrendus)
3.

Lampuyangan (Panium repens)
4.

Pahitan (Paspalum konjugatum)
5.

Sembung vine (Mikania cordata); these plants remove toxic to plant roots lainmelalui fluid that can suppress the activities of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
6.

Chicken droppings (Lantana camara)
7.

Kipahit (Euphathorium odorotum); this plant can reach a height of 4-5
8.

ether and shaped shrubs.

Ways to eradicate weeds, including:

1.

Mechanical weeding: (1) clean weeding, weed control as a whole in the area of ​​cultivation, (2) selecting weeding, weed control around plants alone (making the dish); on 0-1 year old plants radius of 100 cm. In the 1-2 year old plants 150 cm radius, in plants older than 2 years of radius 200 cm, (3) disc scratched with a hoe, grass was removed kelur dish, 1 x 1-month intervals, (4) stripe weeding, control weeds are brindle.
2.

Chemically weeding: (1) mixing with water paracol liter/450 2.5 to 3 liters, (2) incorporate the herbicide into the sprayer tank and pump to limit the barometer on the red mark (auto), for semi-automatic spraying srayer while pumping; (3) spraying the weeds, with attention to safety (wind direction, masks and gloves), (4) when spraying precise estimate of 6 hours after spraying does not rain. If necessary use the stickers (adhesives and spray grading), (5) the time interval 1 x 3 months.

This type of herbicide used: (1) contact herbicides, herbicides kill only the plant part affected by this poison weeds, (2) systemic herbicide, herbicide which when worn on one part of the plant will be spread throughout the plant via the circulation of water and substances nutrient, and then turn off the existing network above and below the ground surface.

3.6. Harvest

3.6.1. Characteristics and Harvest
Characteristics: ± 12 months old, 4 / 5 parts of dry skin, brown, kandungn reduced water and when shaken crake.

3.6.2. How to Harvest

1.

Coconuts allowed to fall: deficiency, which is the fruit that fell was over cooked, so it is not suitable for raw material feedstock copra or dried coconut grated coconut (desiccated coconut).
2.

How to climb: done in the dry season only. Advantages: (1) can clean the crown of leaves, (2) can pick coconuts are harvested with the ability of an average of 25 trees per person. The weakness is damaging the trees, because they have to make the plane to stand. In some areas of the island of Sumatra, often picking done by apes (monkeys). Picking speed by 400 monkey eggs a day with 1 hour rest period, but monkeys can not clean the crown of leaves and less selectivity.
3.

How to harvest with the pole: using bamboo jointing and sharp edges attached hook-shaped knife. The ability of picking an average of 100 trees / person / day.

3.6.3. Harvest Period

Frequency of harvest can be done once a month to wait for the fall of coconuts that have been cooked, but generally the crop carried out on two and even three bunches at a time. It is not so influential on the quality of the fruit because, according to Padua and Banson Resurrection (1979) levels of fatty acids in coconut oil which comes from the munitions was three months younger than the same fruit bunches harvested so that harvesting costs can be saved.

3.6.4. Production Forecast
Production of palm fruit crop varieties depend, plant age, soil conditions, climate, and maintenance. Menghasilakn usually an average of 2.3 tons of copra / ha / year at the age of 12-25 years. As for coconut hybrids at the age of 10-25 years could generate an average of 3.9 tons / ha / year.

3.7. Postharvest

3.7.1. Collection
Dikumpulah using a basket of fruit or a means of transport available. Then all the fruit harvest is collected in Place Collection Results (TPH).

3.7.2. Sorting and Classification

Sorting fruit and fruit calculations performed every block of the garden after harvest at the end of the month. The fruit is sorted is empty there was no water, no loud noise when shaken, broken / Lika taxable pests, decay and also to the small palm cracked grain, germination undercooked or coconut, and then stored in a storage bin beraerasi good.

3.7.3. Storage

Coconuts saved by:
a) stack of fruit piled high with a maximum of 1 meter
b) and pyramidal-shaped piles of loose
c) stacks are routinely observed in the warehouse.

The requirements repository as follows:
a) fresh and dry air
b) does not leak and the rain
c) no direct sun
d) air temperature in the warehouse 25-27 degrees C.

3.7.4. Packaging and Transport
Coconuts will be sold first if the outer skin peeled and wrapped in burlap sacks or synthetic sacks. Freight can be carried by truck, ship or conveyance accordingly.

3.7.5. Other Handling

1.

Copra; copra is made from coconut meat by lowering its water content. to: (1) preservation, this way will prevent the growth of fungi, insects, and bacteria that can eat meat and coconut oil damage, (2) reducing the weight, thus reducing the cost of transporting and handling, (3) concentrating the oil, the oil content in copra approximately 65-68%. Method of making copra is by drying the fruit flesh with sunlight (direct drying or the greenhouse effect) or with dryers.
2.

Oil extraction; coconut oil can be obtained directly by extraction of copra. The traditional way that is widely used by heating the coconut milk. Coconut oil can also be obtained with copra extracted.
3.

Dry grated coconut (desiccated coconut), obtained by drying the grated coconut until 3.5% moisture content and oil content of not less than 68%.
4.

Coconut milk; obtained by exploitation of grated coconut. Coconut milk can not be stored longer. It is therefore necessary packaging to prevent damage to the coconut milk with coconut milk is coconut milk canning or drying.
IV. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CROP CULTIVATION

4.1. Cultivation of Business Analysis

Approximate analysis of coconut cultivation Kopyor for 6 years of planting one hectare of land with an area in West Java in 1999 is as follows:

(In Rupiah)













1.

The production cost of year-1
1.

1 ha of land lease
2.

Plant 171 seedlings @ Rp. 10 000
3.

Fertilizer
- Manure
- Artificial Fertilizers
4.

Drug
- Insecticide 20 liters @ Rp. 65.000, -
- Fungicide 10 liters of Rp. 46 300, -
5.

Tool
- Sprayer
- Hoes, sickles etc.
- Bamboo (bear) 2 Rp. 3,500, -
6.

Labor
- Planting hole @ Rp. 5.000, -
- Manure
- Planting @ Rp. 2500, -
- Stitching @ Rp. 2500, -
- Fencing @ Rp. 5.000, -
- Fertilization
- Weeding
- Pembubunan
- Spraying
7.

Other
Total production costs year-to-1
2.

The cost of production in the 2nd and 3rd year
1.

1 ha of land lease
2.

Fertilizer
- Manure
- Artificial Fertilizers
3.

Drug
- Insecticide 20 liters @ Rp. 65.000, -
- Fungicide 10 liters of Rp. 46 300, -
4.

Labor
- Manure
- Fertilization
- Weeding
- Pembubunan
- Spraying
5.

Other
Total expenses year-to-2 and-3
3.

The production cost of the 4th year
1.

1 ha of land lease
2.

Fertilizer
- Manure
- Artificial Fertilizers
3.

Drug
- Insecticide 20 liters @ Rp. 65.000, -
- Fungicide 10 liters @ Rp. 46 300, -
4.

Tool
- Sprayer
- Hoes, sickles etc.
5.

Labor
- Fertilization of manure
- Fertilization
- Weeding
- Pembubunan
- Spraying
- Harvesting
6.

Other
Total expenses year-to-4
4.

The cost of production in the 5th and 6th year
1.

1 ha of land lease
2.

Fertilizer
- Manure
- Artificial Fertilizers
3.

Drug
- Insecticide 20 liters @ Rp. 65.000, -
- Fungicide 10 liters of Rp. 46 300, -
4.

Labor
- Manure
- Fertilization
- Weeding
- Pembubunan
- Spraying
- Harvesting
5.

Other
Total expenses year-to-5 and year-to-6
Total production costs for 6 years
5.

Income
1.

Revenue year-to-4
2.

Revenue year-to-5
3.

Revenue year-to-6
The amount of income
6.

Profit
1.

Advantages for 6 years
2.

Profit per year
7.

Parameters feasibility
1.

B / C Ratio


2.000.000, -
1.71 million, -

800,000, -
300.000, -

1.300.000, -
460 300, -
250.000, -
250.000, -
150.000, -
567 000, -

780 000, -
150.000, -
390 000, -
40.000, -
780 000, -
400.000, -
600.000, -
400.000, -
600.000, -
250.000, -
11,927,000, -

2.000.000, -

800,000, -
300.000, -

1.300.000, -
460 300, -

150.000, -
400.000, -
600.000, -
400.000, -
600.000, -
250.000, -
14,520,600, -

2.000.000, -

800,000, -
900.000, -

1.300.000, -
460 300, -

250.000, -
150.000, -

150.000, -
400.000, -
600.000, -
400.000, -
600.000, -
1.500.000, -
250.000, -
9.76 million, -

2.000.000, -

800,000, -
900.000, -

1.300.000, -
460 300, -

150.000, -
400.000, -
600.000, -
400.000, -
600.000, -
1.500.000, -
250.000, -

18,720,000, -

54,927,000, -

22,500,000, -
37,500,000, -
37,500,000, -
97,500,000, -

42,573,000, -
7,095,500, -

= 1.775



4.2. Agribusiness Opportunity Overview

The main reasons which make the coconut into a commercial commodity is because all parts of the coconut can be used for various purposes. From the analysis of message shows that cultivation can menguntukan substantial investment in less than 6 years, not including other benefits derived from the fruit apart. Therefore, cultivation of oil crops is one alternative which is very profitable

V. STANDARD PRODUCTION

5.1. Scope
Standard production includes: quality requirements, means testing, sampling and packing copra.

5.2. Description
Copra is the fruit of coconut meat that has been dried by drying, curing or other mechanical drying.

5.3. Classification and Quality Standards

a) The maximum water content (%): Quality of I = 5.0; Quality II = 5.0; way tests SP-SMP-7-1975
b) The minimum fat content (%): Quality of I = 63.0; Quality II = 60.0; way tests SP-SMP-13-1975
c) the maximum levels of Free Fatty Acid (%): Quality of I = 5.0; Quality II = 5.0; way tests SP-SMP-30-19975
d) Foreign Objects maximum (%): Quality of I = 1.0; Quality II = 2.0; way tests SP-SMP-48-1975
e) The maximum mildew (%): Quality of I = 5.0; Quality II = 5.0; way tests SP-SMP-78-1975
f) The maximum Berhama (%); Quality I = 3.0; Quality II = 3.0; way tests SP-SMP-78-1975

5.4. Sampling

Sample taken at random as the square root of the maximum number of sacks with 30 sacks each party goods, then every sack taken a maximum of 5 kg sample. Examples are stirred / mixed so evenly and then divided by four and two sections taken diagonally. How this is done several times until it reaches the sample rate of 5 kg. Example then put in plastic, then sealed and labeled.

Officers must qualify taker example, that people who have experienced or trained labih advance and have ties with a legal entity.

5.5. Packaging

1.

Method of packing: packed copra dalamkarung burlap to clean, dry and strong with a net weight of each bag is 65 kg.
2.

Branding: the name of goods, quality type, the identity of the seller, Produce of Indonesia, net weight, number of sacks, the identity of the buyer, the port / country of destination.