Coffee

I. INTRODUCTION
Coffee Plant is a plant that is very familiar in the yards of rural population in Indonesia. If the potential of this powerful we can use commodity is not hard to make this a mainstay in the plantation sector. Just need a little touch of the technical cultivation
right, surely we are optimistic expectations into reality.

PT. Natural Nusantara trying to realize the hope along with a package of technical guidance and products without forgetting the aspect of K-3 is the quantity, quality and sustainability that has become one of the conditions of competition in the era of globalization.

II. LAND PREPARATION
- For the mountainous land / tilt for terrace.
- Reduce / add a fast growing shade trees approximately 1:4 to 1: 8 of the number of coffee plants.
- Prepare the manure as much as 25-50 kg cooked, spread the Natural GLIO, let stand one week and make the planting holes 60 x 60, or 75 x 75 cm with a spacing of 2.5 x2, 5 to 2.75 x 2.75 m at least 2 months before planting

III. SEEDLINGS
- Prepare a quality seeds from trees that have been known production of breeder seed is usually reliable.
- Create a box or bumbunan soil for seeding with a thick layer of sand about 5 cm.
- Create a shield with a midrib or paranet with a gradual reduction if the seedlings have grown
- Flush nurseries with the routine by looking at soil wetness
- Seeds will germinate more or less a month, select the seeds are healthy and do transfer to polybags with hati2 so roots are not broken in seeds 2 -3 months of age since the beginning of breeding
- Add NPK fertilizer as basal fertilizer (see table) until the age of 12 months
- Pour SUPERNASA dose of 1 tablespoon per 10 liters of water, take 250 ml per tree of the solution
- After the seedling age of 4 months 2 cap NASA POC spray per tank once a month until the age of 7-9 months and seedlings ready for planting

Fertilizer Dose Table for Coffee Seedlings

Age (months)

gr/m2
Urea

SP-36

KCl
3

10

5

5
5

20

10

10
7

30

15

15
9

40

20

20
12

50

25

25

Note: The type and dose of fertilizer could be as recommended by the local agricultural bureau. Note the soil moisture so that seeds are not affected by leaf rust attack.

IV. PLANTING
- Enter the manure with a mixture of top soil when planting seeds.
- Try planting time already entered the rainy season.
- Perform watering the soil after planting
- Avoid the risk of death of new crops from livestock disturbance.

V. Stitching
- Perform stitching immediately if the plant dies or symptoms of abnormal growth.
- Stitching done early rainy season

VI. Sprinkling
Do watering when the soil is dry or drought

VII. Fertilization
- Fertilization of NPK is given twice a year, the beginning and end of the rainy season.
- After the fertilizer should be watered.

The type and dose of fertilizer Macro corresponding table.

Year

gr / tree / year
Urea

SP-36

KCl
1
2 x 25 2 x 25 2 x 20
2
2 x 50 2 x 50 2 x 40
3
2 x 75 2 x 70 2 x 40
4
2 x 100 2 x 90 2 x 40
50-10
2 x 150 2 x 130 2 x 60
> 10
2 x 200 2 x 175 2 x 80

Note: The type and dose of fertilizer according to soil type or recommendations pertaniam local services

How to fertilization made a small hole around the plant as far as ¾ of the width of the canopy, ground manure entered and closed.
It would be better plus organic fertilizer SUPERNASA dose of 1 bottle to ± 200 plants. 1 bottle SUPERNASA diluted in 2-liter (2000 ml) of water used as mother liquor. Then every 1 liter of water was given 10 ml of mother liquor was for watering each tree or flush or kocorkan SUPERNASA 1 tablespoon per 10 liters of water every 3-6 months.
NASA POC spray cap 3-4 + 1-2 HORMONIK cap per tank every 1 month

VIII. Pruning
Perform regular pruning after the end of the harvest (severe pruning) to regulate the shape of growth, reduce branch shoots (wiwilan), aims to reduce evaporation and to form flowers, and the repair of damaged plant parts.
Pruning at the beginning or end of the rainy season after fertilization

IX. PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL

A. H A M A
1. Powdered coffee fruit (Stephanoderes hampei) attacks on fruit storage or while still in the garden. Prevention with BVR PESTONA or alternately
2. Branch borer brown and black (Cylobarus morigerus and Compactus) attacked twigs and branches. Prevention with PESTONA.
3. Fleas dompolan (Pseudococcus citri) attack flower buds, young fruit, twigs and young leaves, preventing use PESTONA, BVR or pentane. + AERO 810 alternately

B. DISEASE
1. Leaf rust disease caused by Hemileia vastatrix, preventive spray Natural GLIO
2. The fungus disease caused by Corticium salmonicolor Upas: Reduce moisture, scrape and apply preventive stem / twig with Natural GLIO + NASA POC
3. Black root disease causes Rosellina bunodes and R. arcuata. Marked with yellow leaves, wilting, hang and fall. Natural preventive GLIO
4. Brown root disease cause: Fomes lamaoensis or preventive Natural Phellinus lamaoensis GLIO
5. Disease brown spots on leaves by Cercospora cafeicola Berk et Cooke prevention with Natural GLIO
6. Died of disease at the end of Rhizoctonia ranting.Penyebabnya. GLIO Natural Preventative use.

Note: If the control of pests and diseases with natural pesticides have not been overcome, as the last alternative could be to use chemical pesticides are recommended. In order to spray more evenly and not easily lost by rainwater add Adhesives Straighten wetting AERO 810 dose of 0.5 bottles per tank cap

X. P A N E N
Coffee will be in production starting age of 2.5 years if well cared for and the fruit has shown the red color covering most of the plant, and carried out gradually according to the time of fruit maturity.

XI. PROCESSING RESULTS
To be prepared first place for drying, shelling and storage of crops from being damaged due to post-harvest pests. Fruit crops must be processed immediately after picking up to 20 hours to get good results.

Coffee Causes Damage to Rice:
1. Wrinkled seeds: origin of the fruit is still young
2. Bean hole: coffee powder attacked
3. Seeds reddish: Less clean wash
4. Seed rupture: parer less than perfect, is derived from the infected fruit powder, while stripping the coffee machine is too dry.
5. Broken seeds followed by color changes: evaporator and separator machine with seeds less than perfect skin, wet processing of fermentation in less than perfect.
6. Bean mottle: drying is incomplete, too long stored, the storage temperature is too moist.
7. Seed Pale: for too long kept in a humid
8. Seed skinned ari: Drying is not perfect or too long, the artificial drying temperature is too low early.
9. Gray, black beans: the artificial drying temperature is too high.
10. Dark brown spots: the artificial drying, the coffee is not often stirred / inverted.

Coconut

Coconut

(Cocos nucifera)

1.1. Brief History

Coconut plantation crops / industry in the form of tree trunks straight from the family Palmae. There are two opinions on the origins of oil that is from South America by DF Cook, Van Martius Beccari and Thor Herjerdahl and from Asia or the Indo-Pacific by Berry, Werth, Mearil, Mayurathan, Lepesma, and Pureseglove. Coco word was first used by Vasco da Gama, or can also be called Nux Indica, al djanz Al Kindi, ganz-ganz, nargil, narlie, tenga, temuai, coconut, and the tree of life.

1.2. Investment Centers

Coconut is widely available in countries of Asia and the Pacific that produces 5.276 million tonnes (82%) of world production with an area of ​​± 8.875 million ha (1984) covering 12 countries, while the rest of the countries in Africa and South America. Indonesia is the largest Coconut (3.334 million ha in 1990) spread in Riau, Central Java, West Java, East Java, Jambi, Aceh, North Sumatra, North Sulawesi, NTT, Central Sulawesi, South Sulawesi and the Moluccas, but the Filipinos under production (2.472 million tons with area of ​​3.112 million ha), amounting to 2.346 million tonnes.

1.3. Types of Plants

Coconut (Cocos nucifera) including familia Palmae divided into three: (1) Coconut in a variety viridis (green coconut), rubescens (red coconut), Macrocorpu (coconut gray), Sakarina (coconut sweet, (2) Coconut varieties genjah Eburnea ( ivory palm), regia varieties (king palm), pumila (coconut quail), pretiosa (king coconut Malabar), and (3) Coconut hybrid

1.4. Benefits of Plants

Coconut tree called life, because every part of the plant can be utilized as follows: (1) coir: coir fiber, mats, brooms, mats, fabric spring bed, (2) shell: charcoal, active carbon and crafts, (3) meat fruit: copra, coconut oil, coconut cream, coconut milk, grated dry coconut (desiccated coconut), (4) coconut water: vinegar, Nata de Coco, (5) rods klelapa: building materials for the frame or the roof, (6) coconut leaves : Lidi for brooms, woven goods (party decorations or Mayang), (7) sap of coconut: brown sugar (coconut)

II. GROWTH CONDITIONS

2.1. Climate

1.

Coconut grows well in areas with rainfall between 1300-2300 mm / year, even up to 3800 mm or more, as long as the soil has good drainage. However, the distribution of rainfall, the ability of soil to hold rainwater and ground water depth, is more important than the amount of rainfall throughout the year.
2.

Wind plays an important role in pollinating flowers (for cross pollination) and plant transpiration.
3.

Coconut liked the long exposure to sunlight with a minimum of 120 hours / month as an energy source of photosynthesis. When shaded, the growth of young plants and fruit will be too late.
4.

Coconut is very sensitive to low temperatures and grow best at a temperature of 20-27 degrees C. At a temperature of 15 degrees C, there will be changes in physiological and morphological plant coconut.
5.

Coconut grows well in average monthly rH 70-80% minimum of 65%. When the air is very low rH, high evapotranspiration, plant drought early fruit fall (before cooking), but when the rH is too high causing pests and diseases

2.2. Media Plant

1.

Coconut plants grown on different soil types such as alluvial, laterite, volcanic, sandy, clay, or rocky ground, but the best in alluvial deposits.
2.

Coconuts can thrive at pH 5-8, optimum at pH 5.5-6,5. In soil with pH above 7.5 and there is no balance of nutrients, often show symptoms of iron deficiency and manganese.
3.

Coconut requires available soil water conditions ie when the moisture content of soil at a rate of evapotranspirasirasi or when water supply plus rainfall during a month is greater than or equal to potential evapotranspiration, the soil water is available. Soil water balance is influenced by physical properties of soil especially organic matter content and soil cover conditions. Container or the desired minimum soil depth of 80-100 cm.
4.

Coconut plants require land that is flat (0-3%). At the level of land slope is high (30-50%) should be created terraces to prevent soil damage by erosion, maintain soil fertility and improve soil that had erasi.

2.3. Altitude Place
Coconut plants grow well lowland areas with optimal height of 0-450 m above sea level. At an altitude of 450-1000 m above sea level late fruiting time, the production of small and low oil levels.

III. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR CULTIVATION

3.1. Nurseries

3.1.1. Seed Requirements

Terms of the parent tree is 20-40 years old, the production of high (80-120 grains / tree / year) continuously with high levels of copra (25 kg / tree / year), strong and straight trunk with a crown-shaped sperical (spherical) or semisperical, leaves and strong stems, free of pests and diseases.

Characteristic of ripe fruit for seed, that is, age ± 12 months, 4 / 5 parts of the skin is brown, round and slightly oval shape, fiber is not wound, does not contain the pest, fruit length 22-25 cm, 17-22 cm wide pieces, smooth and seamless fruit, juice enough, when shaken by a loud sound.

3.1.2. Seed Preparation

Seed selection as required, rest the seeds for ± 1 month in a warehouse with fresh air and dry conditions, do not leak, does not directly exposed to sunlight and air temperature of 25-27 degrees C in the barn and done by piling the fruit in a single pyramidal height of 1m and routinely observed.

3.1.3. Seed Seeding Techniques

1.

Nurseries
1.

Terms location of the nursery: a flat topography, good drainage, near water sources with considerable numbers, near the planting site.
2.

Seedbed preparation or polybag
Friable deep tillage to 30-40 cm, form beds with a width of 2 m, height 25 cm and length depends land with 60-80 m spacing between beds For poly bags, made of polyethylene / poliprophylene black with size 50 x 40 cm and 0.2 mm thick, the bottom of the hole diameter of 0.5 cm by 7.5 cm spacing between holes as many as 48 pieces for aeration and drainage and filled with finely ground top soil (if soil sand should be mixed 2:1 by weight) as high as 2 / 3.
3.

Nursery, with a slit width of ± 5 cm seed in fiber protrusion facing the side of the widest side of the stalk with a sharp instrument, and should not be repeated.
4.

Desifektan seeds with insecticides and fungicides (Azodrin 60 EC 4F difolatan 0.1% and 0.1%) for two minutes.
5.

Planting seeds in the soil as deep as 2 / 3 of the incision facing upwards and mikrofil to the east.
6.

Planting by the position of the triangle intersect. Each one square meter can be charged 30-35 seeds or 25,000 points for one hectare area.
- Old nursery 5-7 months; spacing of 60x60x60 cm; number of seeds 24.000/ha.
- Old nursery 7-9 months; spacing of 60x60x60 cm; number of seeds 17.000/ha.
- Old nursery 9-11 months; spacing of 60x60x60 cm; number of seeds 1.000/ha.
7.

When sowing in the seedbed, then after the seeds germinate (sprout length 3-4 cm) should be transferred to polybags.
8.

Nursery in polybags lasts for 6-12 months, leafless and ± 6 strands of 90-100 cm high.
2.

Nurseries Kitri
1.

Terms of places: the land flat, open, near water, near arel cropping, fairly fertile and easily monitored
2.

How to make beds:
- Soil processing depth of 30-40 cm, cleaned of weeds / rocks and digemburkan.
- Forms of bed measuring 6 x 2 x 0.2 meters with 80 cm spacing between beds, as a drainage channel.
3.

Mengajir: Mengajir accordance with the spacing of seedlings of 60 x 60 x 60 cm.
4.

Planting sprouts:
- Plant a seed sprouts according to the size.
- Plant a seedling in the hole with the embedded to the base plumula.

3.1.4. Maintenance Seeding

Maintenance at the nursery, including:

1.

Watering, made using yells or springkel in two days I 5 liter/m2/hari, every morning and afternoon, and then 6 liter/m2/hari. To determine whether or not watering enough, then after 2 hours at the incision is pressed with the thumb, when out of water so watering has been enough.
2.

Cleaning of grasses to prevent pests and disease and host.

Maintenance at the time of breeding, namely:

1.

Watering, made up of saturated, then be doused with yells, hose or spingkel in the morning and afternoon. Needs watering per polybag per day, depending on the age of seedlings.
2.

Protection, with the provision of insecticide or fungicide with an average dose of 2 cc / liter and sprayed on plants until the wet and uneven.
3.

Weeding, is done every month, with mechanical and herbicide.
4.

Fertilization, ie Nitrogen, Phosphate, Potassium and Magnesium are conducted once every month with mencampurakannya polybag into 3 cm thick soil.
5.

Selection of seedlings, including: separating a dwarf plant, exposed to disease and pests and is done continuously at intervals of 1 month after 1-month-old seedlings Conditions good seed:

3.1.5. Seed removal

Transfer of seedlings should be during the rainy season, by the way:

1.

Seeds kitri; transferred in the form of seeds scraped from nursery seedlings are dismantled. Age of seedlings when the transfer has reached 9-12 months. The transfer must be cautious and guarded kitri the objec intact.
2.

Polybag seedlings; moved at the age of 9-12 months. Two to three days before being moved out of the polybag roots should be cut.

3.2. Media Processing Plant

3.2.1.Persiapan
Preparation that is needed is the cultivation of land preparation and implementation of the survey. The goal is to determine the type of plant, soil slope, soil conditions, determine the need for labor, materials and costs necessary paralatan.

3.2.2. Land Opening

1.

Forested land. Activities undertaken include: (a) the felling shrubs or perdubahkan didongkel when possible, collected, dried and burned, (b) The felling of trees, with a height depending on size of tree felling.
2.

Land the old palm plants. Old coconut trees felled on the root neck. Where possible palm trunks can be sold as building materials.
3.

The area of ​​reeds.

Actions taken can be divided into two kinds, namely:

1.

High reeds <>
*

Reed tripe becomes ± 20 cm, then allowed to regrow to 30-40 cm.
*

Spray with a herbicide containing the active ingredient glyphosate (Round up) as much as 5 liters, 2.4 diamine, MSMA, and Dowpon. Pengguanan Round-up for each hectare is required.
*

After two weeks, spraying a correction by using a round-up spot spraying as much as 0.5 liters per hectare
2.

Reed height> 80 cm; As in point 2 and 3 for the reed <>
1.

Former agricultural land
No need pembuakaan land again, and can be directly carried out the actions pengajiran, making a planting hole, planting legumes and other necessary measures further.

3.2.3. Establishment of beds
Beds made circular with a diameter of 200 cm locations to prevent the rain into the neck of the plant stems of seedlings.

3.2.4. Liming
Liming done when the soil has a high acidity. Carried on soil liming to pH 6-8.

3.2.5. Fertilization
Fertilization using TSP fertilizer as much as 300 grams for each hole (the location of the planted) by top soil mixed with soil in the north of the hole, then put the soil in the hole.

3.3. Planting techniques

3.3.1. Determination of Planting Pattern
A good cropping system is a triangular planting system for utilization of land and capture the sun will be maximum. Spacing is 9 x 9 x 9 meters, with this pattern the number of plants will be more 15% of the system squares.

3.3.2. Preparation of Planting Holes

Preparation of the planting hole be at least 1-2 months before planting to eliminate the acidity of the soil, measuring 60 x 60 x 60 cm up to 100 x 100 x 100 cm. Making holes on sloping land (> 20o) is done by making an individual terrace width of 1:25 m in the direction and 1 m above the slope toward the slope below. Terrace sloped 10 degrees inward.

3.3.3. Planting Method

Planting is done at the beginning of the rainy season, when rain falls regularly and enough to wet the soil; planting time is in months after the rainfall in the previous month to reach 200 mm. The way of planting is as follows:

1.

Top soil mixed with phosphate fertilizer 300 grams per hole and inserted into the planting hole.
2.

Polybag circular cut on the bottom, inserted into the planting hole, and made slices to the end, bejkas polybag then hung on stakes to make sure that the polybag is removed from the planting hole. Planting should be the same direction.
3.

Ditimbuan seeds land in the south and north of the hole, compacted with ketebalajn 3-5 cm above the seedlings of coconut coir.
4.

Needs seeds 1 ha, if spacing 9 x 9 x 9 m, equilateral triangle, is a 143 stem and seed reserves that should be provided for embroidery 17 batangj, so the number of seeds that must be provided 160 rods.

3.3.4. Other

1.

Mulching.
After planting, the soil around tanjaman covered with mulch (green leaves of bushes, weeds or other grasses and straw).
2.

Planting cover crops
Done before the rainy season with family Legminosae (Legume Cover Crop, LCC) to seed the ground cover does not rot. The advantage suppress weed growth and development of pest Oryctes rhinoceros, fix nitrogen content and improve soil structure, reduce evaporation, prevent erosion and retain runoff, decrease the amplitude of the temperature day and night.

3.4. Plant Maintenance

3.4.1. Thinning and Stitching

Stitching done on growing dwarf plants attacked by pests and diseases, severe and dead, performed during the rainy season after the previous crop didongkel and burned in the dry season. Needs of plants depending on climate and intensity of maintenance is usually to 143 stems / ha 17 stems.

3.4.2. Weeding

Weeding done on disc 1 meter in width, 1.5 meters in the second, third and 2 meters. The way to use leftovers or machete swung inward, cutting the weeds until the limit of the soil surface at intervals of 4 weeks of weeding once (rainy season) or 6 weeks-2 months (dry season).

3.4.3. Pembubunan
Done after the crop yield by heap soil around the tree on the upper surface to cover part of the trunk near the roots.

3.4.4. Perempalan
Made to cover the leaves and flowers that have been dry (brown), with how to climb coconut trees to fall or be left alone.

3.4.5. Fertilization

Fertilization is done if the land can not meet the required nutrients.
a) At the age of 1 month were given 100 grams of urea / tree spread at a distance of 15 cm from the base of the stem.
b) Next two times a year ie in April / May (end of rainy season) and October / November (beginning of rainy season).

Method of fertilizer application:

1.

spread in a circle surrounding the plant.
2.

Fertilizer N, K, Mg administered concurrently while the P 2 weeks earlier.
3.

Prior to nitrogen fertilizer is given, the land digemburkan to avoid mixing with phosphate fertilizer as it can be detrimental. On immature plants disebarkaan 30 cm from the base of the stem to the edge of the canopy.
4.

Cover with soil manure spreading area.

Coconut crop fertilizer doses according to age of plants (g / tree):

1.

When planting: RP = 100 grams / tree.
2.

One month after the plant: Urea = 100 grams / tree, TSP = 100 grams / tree, KCl = 100 grams / tree, Kieserite = 50 grams / tree.
3.

The first year
1.

Application I: Urea = 200 grams / tree, KCl = 300 grams / tree, Kieserite 100 grams / tree.
2.

Applications II: Urea = 200 grams / tree, TSP = 250 grams / tree, KCl = 300 grams / tree, Kieserite = 100 grams / tree, Borax = 10 grams / tree
4.

Sophomore year
1.

Application I: Urea = 350 grams / tree, KCl = 450 grams / tree, Kieserite = 150 grams / tree.
2.

Applications II: Urea = 350 grams / tree, TSP = 600 grams / tree, KCl = 450 grams / tree, Kieserite = 150 grams / tree and Borax 25 grams / tree.
5.

Third Year
1.

Application I: Urea = 500 g / tree, KCl = 600 grams / tree, Kieserite = 200 grams / tree.
2.

Applications II: Urea = 500 g / tree, TSP = 800 grams / tree, KCl = 600 grams / tree and Kieserite = 200 grams / tree.
6.

Fourth Year
1.

Application I: Urea = 500 g / tree, KCl = 600 grams / tree, Kieserite = 200 grams / tree.
2.

Applications II: Urea = 500 g / tree, TSP = 800 grams / tree, KCl = 600 grams / tree and Kieserite = 200 grams / tree.
Simak
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Beri peringkat terjemahan

3.4.6. Irrigation and Watering
Watering is done in the dry season to prevent dryness done two or three days once in the evening. You do this by pouring water through ditches in sekitarbedengan or by direct watering.

3.4.7. Pesticide Spraying Time
Done every 20 days with use traditional Sevin 85 WP, 10 grams Basudin, Bayrusil 25 EC with kosenttrasi eraser 0.4% 0.6% 10 days or every 20 days. I use the sprayer.

3.4.8. Other

Repair drainage / wash ditch / drain got done early rainy season by the way: memabat weeds in ditches, raking weeds with a hoe on the channel walls, are collected in the middle, separate the weed to the ground by menghempas-hempaskan weeds with a hoe and remove all dirt from the trenches , lift soil erosion into the trench, the trench form according to the size, keep the water can flow properly, execution begins from the estuary to the upstream.

There are several ways to sanitation in the cultivation of coconut, among others:

1.

Sanitary manner Hurdles
1.

burning scrap wood in gawangan with caution.
2.

collecting trash and scrap wood at high gawangan with no more than 40 cm, wide stacks 1 x 1 meter.
2.

How to sanitation tree
1.

freed from all impurities tree crowns and dry ingredients in gawangan.
2.

Burn with caution.

3.5. Pests and Diseases

3.5.1. Pests shoots

1.

Coconut beetle (Oryctes Rhinoceros)
Characteristics: the shape of a beetle with a size of 20-40 mm black color to the shape of horns on the head Symptoms: (1) These pests damage plants aged 1-2 years, (2) 0-1 year old plants, the hole at the base of the stem may cause death growing point or terpuntirnya midrib of leaves that were damaged, (3) in mature plants occur on the midrib youngest hole that has not been open, (4) a characteristic that caused the cut leaf shaped like a triangle, (5) a dangerous stage is stage imago (adult ) is a beetle; Control: (1) orchard sanitation of the remains of felled palm trunks (2) the use of viruses and Mettarrizium Bacullovirus oryctes arrisophiae; (3) gives carbofura (Furadan 3G) or carbaryl (Sevin 5G) 10/pohon with intervals of 2 months.
2.

Sago beetle (Rhynchophorus ferruginous)
Characteristics: imago, beetle-shaped with a 11-18 day gestation period. Its hallmark is staying in the cocoon until hard. Symptoms: destroy the roots of young plants, stem and canopy, canopy damage in adult plants, the shoots gerekan cause broken tops, burrow gerekan out red-brown colored mucus. Control: (1) avoid injury, when the wound was covered, (2) cut and burn the infected plants, (3) garden sanitation, (4) is Thursday with the insecticide Thiodan 35 EC 2-3 cc / liter of solution, Basudin 10 G and Sevin 85 SP on the wound and it is estimated there are sago beetle attacks;

3.5.2. Pests Leaves

1.

Sexava sp
Characteristics: grasshopper perfectly with the size of 70-90 mm, green sometimes brown. Developmental period of 40 days. Symptoms: (1) destroy old leaves and in urgent situations, also damage the young leaves, fruit peel and flowers; (2) rampant in the dry season, (3) to attack the great palm leaf rib-lidinya lived alone.
Control: (1) mechanical means: to destroy eggs and nimfanya, catch grasshoppers (in Sumatra with mixed adhesive Agrocide, Lidane or HCH, which is mounted around the shaft) to impede females lay eggs in the base of the stem and the nymphs will catch up to the tree, (2 ) how technical culture: planting cover crops (LCC), for example, Centrosema sp., Calopogonium sp., etc., (3) how to Thursday: menyrmprot with one or more insecticides, such as BHC or 19.2 Endrin EC 2cc/liter water, sprayed around the base of the stem up to 1 meter high, the soil around the base of the stem diameter of 1.5 m 6 liters / tree. Other insecticides that can be used: Sumithion 50 EC, 25 EC Surecide, Basudin Elsan 90 SC or 50 EC, (4) biological means: using parasitic Leefmansia bicolor but the results are not satisfactory.
2.

Lice Aspidiotus sp
Characteristics: flea armored, winged males with a size of 1.5 to 2 females, male 0.5 mm. Imago male red / pink and yellow to red females. Symptoms: (1) yellow blotches on the lower leaf surface, (2) in severe attacks the leaves grayish-red color, not developing (still small), not straight, then editorial droop and die, (3) due to an attack in 2-5 years time would not bear fruit. Control: use of natural enemies are predators or parasites Cryptognatha nodiceps Marshall Comperiella unifasciata Ishii.
3.

Parasa lepida
Characteristics: butterfly wing 32-38 mm berentang golden yellow young, ± 375-day growth period. Symptoms: children eating a lower leaves of the local-local, but not until translucent, leaving ketaman / bite widened so that the living veins and leaf tissue above, the older caterpillars destroy the leaves from the edge to the center until lidinya, onslaught live lidinya and appear bald. Control: (1) using natural enemies of the caterpillar parasite Apanteles parasae (2) the cocoon of the parasitic flies can use your Chaetexorista Javana, (3) perogolan trees attacked during the caterpillar stage, or by collecting its cocoon, (4) spraying with insecticides Dimecron 50 EC. Suprecide 10 or injecting the stem with Ambush 2 EC 2-3 cc / liter of water in the larval stage of concentration.
4.

Darna sp
Characteristics: imago butterfly-shaped with a wing span of 14-20 mm. 30-90 days growth period. Symptoms: (1) in the dry season, leaving an irregular bite marks on the older leaves, midrib lowest leaves droop, (2) leaves a great damage to red-anchor, except for some leaf bud and the youngest, (3) stem- fruit bunches and leaves droop like wilted right down, especially if dry-down and ultimately depend on the trunk. (4) fruit fall; (5) leaves absolute seated as usual, but sometimes beginning a red anchor. Only the bud and leaves are very young intact. Control: (1) hold pronggolan leaves and then burn it, (2) using the parasitic enemies of parasite pupae Chaetexorista Javana, Ptycnomyaremota, Musca conducens; or parasitic wasp-wasp Chrysis and Syntomosphyrum, (3) inject the pesticide Ambush 2 EC 2-3 cc / liter of water or spray the larval stage. Or Agrothion 50 EC insecticide concentration 0,2-0.4%, Basudin 60 EC with a concentration of 0.3%.
5.

Caterpillars Artona (Artona catoxantha)
Symptoms: (1) on the leaf blade damage occurred in the presence of a hole like a tiny window, (2) if the heavy attack, the canopy of palm plants wilt and look like burned, (3) on the underside of leaves seen some children / ex-ladder-like attack, with bone leaf transverse direction as the stairs, (4) is a dangerous stage larvae. Control: (1) if every two midrib there are 5 or more stages of life it is necessary to penangkasan all the leaves, and left only the youngest leaves 3-4, (2) using kemit wasp (Apanteles artonae) destructive caterpillars or Ptircnomya and Cardusia leefmansi , (3) using insecticide Ambush 2 EC 5 grams / hectare through stem injections or spraying the larvae stage.

3.5.3. Pests Flowers

1.

Coconut flower moth (Batrachedra sp.)
Symptoms: holes in the sheath of interest that have not opened, then into the male and female flowers. In a short time the male flowers became blackish, removing sap and female flowers eventually fall out. Control: (1) whitewash the hole with Basudin 60 EC or sprayed with BHC with a concentration of 0.1%, (2) biologically with the parasite Sylino sp.
2.

Caterpillars Tirathaba
Characteristics: dirty brown caterpillar lengthwise stripes on his back, measuring 22 mm. Keperidiannya period of 12-31 days. Symptoms: (1) male flowers more holes than the female flowers, (2) new fruit sometimes with holes, (3) lots of caterpillar droppings (4) male flowers fall-dankotoran other impurities embedded into a clotted Small-glob, (5) full flower excrescence kotaoran and smelly. Control: (1) mengumpulakn flowers are attacked and burned, (2) Virgin cutting and burning, (3) wash the base of the palm leaves from the pupae and larvae, (4) using the parasitic pests that destroy eggs Telenomus tirathabae 6%, Apanteles Tirathabae destroy the young caterpillars 18-40%, parasitic flies Eryciabasivulfa 6-3% kill caterpillars, pupae parasite Melachnineumon muciallae, Trichhospilus Anacryptus impulsator pupivora and each has the power to kill 10%, 2% and 3.5%. Cecopet kind of Exypnus pulchripenneis caterpillars eat you alive, (5) using the insecticide Sevin 85 S by spraying at the base of the flower and leaf.

3.5.4. Fruit Pests

1.

Tree rat, Rattus rattus Roque
Characteristics: live in soil, rice field, or in the house. Symptoms: (1) coconut hollow near tampuknya., (2) holes in the husk and shell the same size. Uneven shape sometimes round, sometimes wide. Control: (1) hunt mice, set traps or bait, poisoned bait, (2) sanitation crown of palm leaves so as not to be a rat's nest.
2.

Squirrel / squirrel, Callosciurus notatus and C. Nigrovitatus
Symptoms: (1) gnawing a coconut that was rather old at the end of the fruit, (2) holes on the movement of the spherical shell, but the fibers are not flat, (3) content of fruit eaten for 2-3 days, (4) a squirrel 1-2 fruit damage in 1 month. Control: same as the eradication of rats.

3.5.5. Pests Seeds

1.

Cottonwoods termite, Coptotermes curvignatus.
Characteristics: brown-black imago (alates, kalekatu, siraru). Symptoms: (1) termite attack by damaging the seed husk of the fruit or seed sowing. The attack occurred on land lateris textured argillaceous sand the nest, (2) bud seedlings wilt and die. Young coconut trees sometimes die anyway bud then perish. In the trunk is often visible termite tunnel created from the ground, from the bottom upwards. Control:
(1) at the time of making the nursery and open soil, plant debris removed / burned, (2) make a seedbed with a given layer of clean river sand and thick. Or mix the soil with BHC 10% with a dose of 65 kg / ha before sowing, (3) do seedtreatment on the seed before sowing with Azodin.
2.

Beetle coconut seedlings (Plesispa reichei Chap)
Characteristics: imago-shaped beetle with keperidian period of 90 days. Symptoms: (1) leaves of seedlings or young coconut leaves are 1-4 years old at first striped beetles eat the former. The lines become broad united. These places or dry rot, (2) coconut leaves can be dried or shredded as affected by high winds, (3) a severe attack can kill seedlings or young plants. Control: (a) the taking of each stage by hand, (2) sprayed with Diacin 60 EC at a dose of 1.5 to 2 cc / liter of water, (3) provide Furadan 3 G at 2-5 grams per polybag seedlings; (4 ) biological means with parasite eggs and Haeckliana Oencyrtus corbetti brontispae or parasitic wasp larvae and pupae Tetrastichodes plesispae.
3.

Grasshoppers coconut seedlings, Valanga transiens
Characteristics: imago red-blushed yellow anchor. His legs yellowish. On the back foot two black spots visible. At the rear syap, ayaitu yabng no bright red color on base. 37-50 mm long male grasshopper, are females 55-60 mm. Symptoms: (1) bite that does not irregular on palm leaves of seedlings under 1 year and who have not split, (2) for seedlings which have been opened daunya not suffer too much by this attack. Control: by spraying Basudin Dimecron 60 EC or 50 EC.

3.5.6. Attacking Seedling Diseases

1.

Leaf spot disease (Gray leaf spot), fungi cause Pestalotia palmarum Cooke.
Symptoms: (1) arising out of translucent patches of light on leaves and then turns brown to yellowish gray, (2) patches together to form larger spots which are spots of fungus acervuli . Control: seedlings are sprayed with a fungicide such as Dithane M-45 or Perenox with a dose of 0.1-0.2%.
2.

Leaf rot disease (spear rot)
Cause: The fungus Fusarium sp. Symptoms: (1) arising pedicab rickshaw-opaque on the leaf surface which then immediately became brown and often united to form a larger rickshaws, (2) on a rickshaw there are flecks consisting acervuli fungus, (3) leaves that are attacked will die more quickly. Control: menyemprotan seedlings or young plants with a fungicide containing copper compounds, such as porridge or Koper Oxyclorida Bordo.
3.

Leaf spot disease (Brown leaf)
Cause: The fungus Helminthosporium incurvatum. Symptoms: (1) on the surface of the leaves arise small round patches which later grew and changed color to dark brown, (2) patches are then changed into an oval and elongated. Control: spray seedlings or newly transferred tanamanmuda with Difolatan 4F fungicide, Dithane M-45 or 75 WP Daconil.
4.

Bud rot disease (Pre-emergent shoot rot).
Cause: The fungus Marasmius palmavirus. Symptoms: (1) attack the seeds of new growth. In the early stages of infection, when opened sabutnya visible blotches and a layer of white mycelia are white or reddish in the bud and leaf edges will, (2) disease can arise from contaminated seed, good time on the field as well as time of germination. Control: (1) to prevent infection of the seed, before the seeds disemauikan didesinfektir should advance with the fungicide by soaking in a solution Difolatan 4F, (2) try to avoid the occurrence of sanitation and the humidity is too high dipersemaian, because the fungus will grow well on high humidity.

3.5.7. Young Plant Disease Strikes

1.

Bud rot disease (Bud rot); cause of the fungus Phytophthora palmivora Butler.
Symptoms: (1) drying of the young leaves in the middle of the canopy, (2) leaves brown and broken at its base, (3) the base of the rot, which can then reach the growing point so that plant growth stalled and died; Control: unknown how appropriate and effective countermeasures.
2.

Cobweb disease (leaf blotch); cause fungus Corticium penicillatum.
Symptoms: (1) the existence of small pedicab rickshaw-wet, generally on the lower surface of leaves of coconut seedlings, rounded, less than 3 mm in diameter and light brown (2) speck-rickshaws are expanding rapidly, and it turned into an old cokalt. Some pedicab united and necrosis of the elongated irregular. How to prevent: (1) spray seedlings or young plants with a fungicide such as Benlate, Dithane M-45, or more, (2) the affected leaves should be cut and burned, (3) avoid the humidity is too high.

3.5.8. Attacking Generating Plant Diseases

1.

Bud rot disease (Bud rot)
Cause: The fungus Phythopthora palmivora, Erwinia sp., Bacillus sp., Physiological causes and effects of lightning sembaran. Symptoms: (1) buds or leaf buds will decay before they grow out. Goto the decay will spread more. When the base of the stem exposed, the plants wilt and eventually die, (2) in old plants, the crown looks yellowed and is slowly falling from the tip. The fruits are young and then fall out. In severe damage, the crown of autumn leaves in full. Control: (1) if these symptoms occur, give bordo paste 1% on the expected this disease, has previously been cleaned in advance, (2) spray the slurry Bordo 1% or other fungicides such as Koper oxyclorida, Dithane M-45 and alin -other to prevent transmission.
2.

Natuna wilt disease
Cause: Thielaviopsis sp., Botrydiplodia sp., Fusarium sp., Chlaropsis sp., Bacteria Erwinia sp., And Pseudomonas sp. Symptoms: (1) wilt appear suddenly in all parts of the leaf crown. Then the color changes to dull, midrib, midrib and eventually falling below hanging fruit bunches (2) the death process is very fast 1-3 hoax since the initial symptoms begin to appear. Pengendalaian: (1) the arrangement of ground water by creating drainage channels, (2) pengoalah abik land, in the form of maintenance, fertilizing and planting the appropriate pattern, (3) quarantine of plants in order to avoid traffic that could lead to dark spread of disease from one area to another, (4) planting the seeds of a healthy, fertile and strong. Dismantle and destroy diseased plants.
3.

Yellow wilt disease symptoms
Cause: (1) environmental factors such as poor aera, waterlogging and drought, (2) technical culture factors, such as how the cultivation of land that is not according to the rules, improper use of pesticides, fertilizers yangkurang and irregular, (3) state of vegetation , for example, many garden weeds and dirty, (4) Factor pests / diseases that proliferate without control, (5) physiological factors, such as interference with the roots due to the lack of suitable soil conditions, so that the disturbed metabolism of plants. Symptoms: (1) all or part of the leaf is yellow, especially when exposed to sunlight, (2) plants grown dwarf, growing to the size of the midrib and leaf buds smaller, (3) most of the upper stem of thin and bend at the tip and part of the midrib bottom hung and dried, (4) flowers and fruit will be rare. Young fruit dropping off and very few are able to grow old. Small fruit size and irregular-sided terms, (5) the size of the Virgin who grew ill after trees are shorter and smaller, and the open fissure is not perfect. Sometimes Mayang still wrapped, (6) rot rot disease resembling attacks. Control: performed through improved sanitation, technical culture and other actions.
4.

Leaf spot disease
Cause: The fungus Pestalotia sp., Gloeosporium sp., Helminthosphorium sp., Fusarium sp., Thielaviopsis sp., Curvularia sp., And Botrydiplodia sp. The spread of the disease through the dissemination of spores through the air, water or insects. Symptoms: (1) in young and old leaves are rickshaw-rickshaws in various forms and shapes, (2) in various parts of the leaf color changes, initially in the form of spots of yellow, then green fade away, (3) spots bright spots leave scars in the form of a specific color such as black, gray and brown. Sections were then dried as dead tissue, (4) form edge-rickshaw pedicab irregular, there is a circle, oval, oblong or rhombic, (5) on a heavy attack throughout the crown and the leaves look dry, the leaves in a state mennutup . In plants that have been fruitful, due to the indirect fruits of the young or the pistil fall prematurely. Control: (1) cut off the affected leaves, then baked until they run out, (2) plants sprayed with fungicides, such as Dithane M-45, Difotan 4F, Koper Oxychlorida or Cobox 50, with a concentration of 0.1-0.2%.
5.

Diseases fall fruit (immature Nut Fall)
Cause: The fungus Phythophthora palmivora. Symptoms: (1) fruit fall, (2) at the base there is a section of rotten fruit. Or as a result of the fungus Thielaviopsis paradoxa. Control: (1) fertilization and regular provision of water in the dry season, (2) spray the affected plants with a fungicide containing copper, such as porridge or Koper Oxyclorida Bordo.
6.

Stem rust disease
Cause: The fungus Ceratostomella paradoxa. Symptoms: (1) rods become damaged, and from the crevices of stem rust-colored liquid will come out, where the tissue has been damaged in this section, (2) occurs physiological disorders that affect growth. Control: cut or scrape the damaged part, cover with a cover wounds (eg ter).
7.

Root rot disease
Cause: the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Symptoms: root decay caused by the surface of the shallow ground water, bad drainage and poor air system. Control: improvement of soil physical properties and manufacture of drainage channels. Diseased trees dismantled and burned in a separate place.
8.

Root disease
Cause: The fungus parasite which is sometimes exacerbated also by a disturbance of parasitic nematodes. Symptoms: (1) a change in leaf color gradually. Pale yellow color on the lower leaves gradually lost to the younger leaves, (2) the ends of the leaves shriveled and many are dry. These symptoms such as symptoms of nutrient deficiency, due to interference with transport in plant tissues. Control: a technical culture and sanitary manner as is done in the Natuna wilt disease.

3.5.9. Weeds

1.

Lalang (Imperata cylinddrica), high growth can reach 1-2 feet, spread very quickly through rhyzoma (rhizomes) and a winged fruit.
2.

Puzzles (Cyperus rotrendus)
3.

Lampuyangan (Panium repens)
4.

Pahitan (Paspalum konjugatum)
5.

Sembung vine (Mikania cordata); these plants remove toxic to plant roots lainmelalui fluid that can suppress the activities of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
6.

Chicken droppings (Lantana camara)
7.

Kipahit (Euphathorium odorotum); this plant can reach a height of 4-5
8.

ether and shaped shrubs.

Ways to eradicate weeds, including:

1.

Mechanical weeding: (1) clean weeding, weed control as a whole in the area of ​​cultivation, (2) selecting weeding, weed control around plants alone (making the dish); on 0-1 year old plants radius of 100 cm. In the 1-2 year old plants 150 cm radius, in plants older than 2 years of radius 200 cm, (3) disc scratched with a hoe, grass was removed kelur dish, 1 x 1-month intervals, (4) stripe weeding, control weeds are brindle.
2.

Chemically weeding: (1) mixing with water paracol liter/450 2.5 to 3 liters, (2) incorporate the herbicide into the sprayer tank and pump to limit the barometer on the red mark (auto), for semi-automatic spraying srayer while pumping; (3) spraying the weeds, with attention to safety (wind direction, masks and gloves), (4) when spraying precise estimate of 6 hours after spraying does not rain. If necessary use the stickers (adhesives and spray grading), (5) the time interval 1 x 3 months.

This type of herbicide used: (1) contact herbicides, herbicides kill only the plant part affected by this poison weeds, (2) systemic herbicide, herbicide which when worn on one part of the plant will be spread throughout the plant via the circulation of water and substances nutrient, and then turn off the existing network above and below the ground surface.

3.6. Harvest

3.6.1. Characteristics and Harvest
Characteristics: ± 12 months old, 4 / 5 parts of dry skin, brown, kandungn reduced water and when shaken crake.

3.6.2. How to Harvest

1.

Coconuts allowed to fall: deficiency, which is the fruit that fell was over cooked, so it is not suitable for raw material feedstock copra or dried coconut grated coconut (desiccated coconut).
2.

How to climb: done in the dry season only. Advantages: (1) can clean the crown of leaves, (2) can pick coconuts are harvested with the ability of an average of 25 trees per person. The weakness is damaging the trees, because they have to make the plane to stand. In some areas of the island of Sumatra, often picking done by apes (monkeys). Picking speed by 400 monkey eggs a day with 1 hour rest period, but monkeys can not clean the crown of leaves and less selectivity.
3.

How to harvest with the pole: using bamboo jointing and sharp edges attached hook-shaped knife. The ability of picking an average of 100 trees / person / day.

3.6.3. Harvest Period

Frequency of harvest can be done once a month to wait for the fall of coconuts that have been cooked, but generally the crop carried out on two and even three bunches at a time. It is not so influential on the quality of the fruit because, according to Padua and Banson Resurrection (1979) levels of fatty acids in coconut oil which comes from the munitions was three months younger than the same fruit bunches harvested so that harvesting costs can be saved.

3.6.4. Production Forecast
Production of palm fruit crop varieties depend, plant age, soil conditions, climate, and maintenance. Menghasilakn usually an average of 2.3 tons of copra / ha / year at the age of 12-25 years. As for coconut hybrids at the age of 10-25 years could generate an average of 3.9 tons / ha / year.

3.7. Postharvest

3.7.1. Collection
Dikumpulah using a basket of fruit or a means of transport available. Then all the fruit harvest is collected in Place Collection Results (TPH).

3.7.2. Sorting and Classification

Sorting fruit and fruit calculations performed every block of the garden after harvest at the end of the month. The fruit is sorted is empty there was no water, no loud noise when shaken, broken / Lika taxable pests, decay and also to the small palm cracked grain, germination undercooked or coconut, and then stored in a storage bin beraerasi good.

3.7.3. Storage

Coconuts saved by:
a) stack of fruit piled high with a maximum of 1 meter
b) and pyramidal-shaped piles of loose
c) stacks are routinely observed in the warehouse.

The requirements repository as follows:
a) fresh and dry air
b) does not leak and the rain
c) no direct sun
d) air temperature in the warehouse 25-27 degrees C.

3.7.4. Packaging and Transport
Coconuts will be sold first if the outer skin peeled and wrapped in burlap sacks or synthetic sacks. Freight can be carried by truck, ship or conveyance accordingly.

3.7.5. Other Handling

1.

Copra; copra is made from coconut meat by lowering its water content. to: (1) preservation, this way will prevent the growth of fungi, insects, and bacteria that can eat meat and coconut oil damage, (2) reducing the weight, thus reducing the cost of transporting and handling, (3) concentrating the oil, the oil content in copra approximately 65-68%. Method of making copra is by drying the fruit flesh with sunlight (direct drying or the greenhouse effect) or with dryers.
2.

Oil extraction; coconut oil can be obtained directly by extraction of copra. The traditional way that is widely used by heating the coconut milk. Coconut oil can also be obtained with copra extracted.
3.

Dry grated coconut (desiccated coconut), obtained by drying the grated coconut until 3.5% moisture content and oil content of not less than 68%.
4.

Coconut milk; obtained by exploitation of grated coconut. Coconut milk can not be stored longer. It is therefore necessary packaging to prevent damage to the coconut milk with coconut milk is coconut milk canning or drying.
IV. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CROP CULTIVATION

4.1. Cultivation of Business Analysis

Approximate analysis of coconut cultivation Kopyor for 6 years of planting one hectare of land with an area in West Java in 1999 is as follows:

(In Rupiah)













1.

The production cost of year-1
1.

1 ha of land lease
2.

Plant 171 seedlings @ Rp. 10 000
3.

Fertilizer
- Manure
- Artificial Fertilizers
4.

Drug
- Insecticide 20 liters @ Rp. 65.000, -
- Fungicide 10 liters of Rp. 46 300, -
5.

Tool
- Sprayer
- Hoes, sickles etc.
- Bamboo (bear) 2 Rp. 3,500, -
6.

Labor
- Planting hole @ Rp. 5.000, -
- Manure
- Planting @ Rp. 2500, -
- Stitching @ Rp. 2500, -
- Fencing @ Rp. 5.000, -
- Fertilization
- Weeding
- Pembubunan
- Spraying
7.

Other
Total production costs year-to-1
2.

The cost of production in the 2nd and 3rd year
1.

1 ha of land lease
2.

Fertilizer
- Manure
- Artificial Fertilizers
3.

Drug
- Insecticide 20 liters @ Rp. 65.000, -
- Fungicide 10 liters of Rp. 46 300, -
4.

Labor
- Manure
- Fertilization
- Weeding
- Pembubunan
- Spraying
5.

Other
Total expenses year-to-2 and-3
3.

The production cost of the 4th year
1.

1 ha of land lease
2.

Fertilizer
- Manure
- Artificial Fertilizers
3.

Drug
- Insecticide 20 liters @ Rp. 65.000, -
- Fungicide 10 liters @ Rp. 46 300, -
4.

Tool
- Sprayer
- Hoes, sickles etc.
5.

Labor
- Fertilization of manure
- Fertilization
- Weeding
- Pembubunan
- Spraying
- Harvesting
6.

Other
Total expenses year-to-4
4.

The cost of production in the 5th and 6th year
1.

1 ha of land lease
2.

Fertilizer
- Manure
- Artificial Fertilizers
3.

Drug
- Insecticide 20 liters @ Rp. 65.000, -
- Fungicide 10 liters of Rp. 46 300, -
4.

Labor
- Manure
- Fertilization
- Weeding
- Pembubunan
- Spraying
- Harvesting
5.

Other
Total expenses year-to-5 and year-to-6
Total production costs for 6 years
5.

Income
1.

Revenue year-to-4
2.

Revenue year-to-5
3.

Revenue year-to-6
The amount of income
6.

Profit
1.

Advantages for 6 years
2.

Profit per year
7.

Parameters feasibility
1.

B / C Ratio


2.000.000, -
1.71 million, -

800,000, -
300.000, -

1.300.000, -
460 300, -
250.000, -
250.000, -
150.000, -
567 000, -

780 000, -
150.000, -
390 000, -
40.000, -
780 000, -
400.000, -
600.000, -
400.000, -
600.000, -
250.000, -
11,927,000, -

2.000.000, -

800,000, -
300.000, -

1.300.000, -
460 300, -

150.000, -
400.000, -
600.000, -
400.000, -
600.000, -
250.000, -
14,520,600, -

2.000.000, -

800,000, -
900.000, -

1.300.000, -
460 300, -

250.000, -
150.000, -

150.000, -
400.000, -
600.000, -
400.000, -
600.000, -
1.500.000, -
250.000, -
9.76 million, -

2.000.000, -

800,000, -
900.000, -

1.300.000, -
460 300, -

150.000, -
400.000, -
600.000, -
400.000, -
600.000, -
1.500.000, -
250.000, -

18,720,000, -

54,927,000, -

22,500,000, -
37,500,000, -
37,500,000, -
97,500,000, -

42,573,000, -
7,095,500, -

= 1.775



4.2. Agribusiness Opportunity Overview

The main reasons which make the coconut into a commercial commodity is because all parts of the coconut can be used for various purposes. From the analysis of message shows that cultivation can menguntukan substantial investment in less than 6 years, not including other benefits derived from the fruit apart. Therefore, cultivation of oil crops is one alternative which is very profitable

V. STANDARD PRODUCTION

5.1. Scope
Standard production includes: quality requirements, means testing, sampling and packing copra.

5.2. Description
Copra is the fruit of coconut meat that has been dried by drying, curing or other mechanical drying.

5.3. Classification and Quality Standards

a) The maximum water content (%): Quality of I = 5.0; Quality II = 5.0; way tests SP-SMP-7-1975
b) The minimum fat content (%): Quality of I = 63.0; Quality II = 60.0; way tests SP-SMP-13-1975
c) the maximum levels of Free Fatty Acid (%): Quality of I = 5.0; Quality II = 5.0; way tests SP-SMP-30-19975
d) Foreign Objects maximum (%): Quality of I = 1.0; Quality II = 2.0; way tests SP-SMP-48-1975
e) The maximum mildew (%): Quality of I = 5.0; Quality II = 5.0; way tests SP-SMP-78-1975
f) The maximum Berhama (%); Quality I = 3.0; Quality II = 3.0; way tests SP-SMP-78-1975

5.4. Sampling

Sample taken at random as the square root of the maximum number of sacks with 30 sacks each party goods, then every sack taken a maximum of 5 kg sample. Examples are stirred / mixed so evenly and then divided by four and two sections taken diagonally. How this is done several times until it reaches the sample rate of 5 kg. Example then put in plastic, then sealed and labeled.

Officers must qualify taker example, that people who have experienced or trained labih advance and have ties with a legal entity.

5.5. Packaging

1.

Method of packing: packed copra dalamkarung burlap to clean, dry and strong with a net weight of each bag is 65 kg.
2.

Branding: the name of goods, quality type, the identity of the seller, Produce of Indonesia, net weight, number of sacks, the identity of the buyer, the port / country of destination.

Guava

Guava is one type of fruit plants shrubs, in English called Lambo Guava. This plant comes from the Brazilian Central America, spread to Thailand and then to other Asian countries like Indonesia. Until now this has been cultivated and spread widely in the areas of Java. Guava is often referred to as guava, guava siki, or pink stones. Guava is then carried out a cross by cuttings or grafting with other types, so finally getting greater results with fewer seeds circumstances do not even have seeds that are named Guava Bangkok since the occurrence of Bangkok.

Investment Centers

Guava is cultivated in countries such as Japan, Malaysia, Brazil and others. In Indonesia, Java Island is the center of the largest planting of guava fruit, among others, in DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta Region, and East Java. The other is the production center of Sumatra and Kalimantan. In recent years this has grown guava guava and later appeared in the city of Bangkok are cultured Kleri, Karawang regency, West Java.

Types of Plants

From a number of types of guava, there are several popular varieties of guava are grown by selecting people and its economic value is relatively higher among:

1. Guava breadfruit (seedless guava that grows partenokarpi and when grown close to the guava seed will tend to return).
2. Guava bangkok (large fruit, thick flesh and few seeds, it was a bit bland). After the mixture was held with cashew milk turns sour-sour taste sweet.
3. Guava.
4. Cashew market week.
5. Guava juice.
6. Jmabu apples.
7. Guava Palembang.
8. Guava brittle.


Benefits of Plants

1. For fresh fruit and processed foods that have nutritional and vitamin A and vitamin C are high, with a sugar content of 8%. Guava has a distinctive flavor and aroma is caused by the compound eugenol.
2. As a barrier tree in the yard and as an ornamental plant.
3. Leaves and roots can also be used as a drug tadisional.
4. The wood can be made a variety of kitchen tools because it has a strong and hard wood.
5.

GROWTH CONDITIONS

Climate
Guava cultivation in the wind plays a role in pollination, but strong winds can cause hair loss on the interest.
Guava plants are tropical plants and can be grown in sub-tropical regions with the necessary intensity of rainfall ranges between 1000-2000 mm / year and evenly throughout the year.
Guava plants can flourish and bear fruit with optimum at temperatures around 23-28 degrees C during the day. Lack of sunlight can cause a decrease or less than perfect results (dwarf), the ideal season flowering and fruiting during the dry season is around July-September was the fruit season occurs in November-February along the rainy season.
Surrounding air humidity tends to be low because most grow in the lowlands and moderate. When the air has low humidity, dry air is due to poor water vapor. Such conditions are suitable for the growth of guava plants bij.

Media Plant
Guava plants can actually grow on all soil types.
Guava can grow well on land that is fertile and friable, and contains many elements of nitrogen, organic matter or clay in the soil conditions and a little sand.
The degree of soil acidity (pH) is not too much different from other plants, which is between 4.5 to 8.2 and when pH is less than it needs to be done in advance of calcification.

Altitude Place
Guava can flourish in the tropics with a height between 5-1200 m above sea level.

Papaya

GROWTH CONDITIONS
Plants can be grown on high plains and 700 - 1000 masl, rainfall 1000 - 2000 mm / year, the optimum air temperature 22-26 degrees C and humidity about 40% and the wind is not too tight is very good for pollination. Soil fertile, friable, containing humus and have a lot to hold water, the ideal soil pH is neutral with a pH 6 -7.

SEEDLINGS
1. Requirements Seeds / Seed
- The seeds are used as seeds taken from fruits that has been cooked properly and comes from the tree of choice. Fruit choice in halved to take the seeds. Seeds released later washed up the skin surrounding the seed is wasted and then dried in the shade.
- The fresh seeds are used as seeds. Seedlings should not be taken from fruits that are too ripe / old and not from an old tree.

2. Seed Preparation
Needs 60 grams of seed per hectare (± 2000 plants). Seeds soaked in a solution of the NASA POC 2 cc / liter for 1-2 hours, drained and littered Natural GLIO then sown in a polybag size 20 x 15 cm. The media used is a mixture of two buckets of soil in the sieve plus a bucket of manure that has been cooked and sieved TSP plus 50 grams plus 30 grams of mashed Natural GLIO.

3. Seed Seeding Techniques
- Seeds are inserted at a depth of 1 cm and then cover with soil. Watered every day. Seed germination appears after 12-15 days. At the height of 15-20 cm or 45-60 days seedlings ready for planting.
- The seeds can be directly planted / seeded first. Seeding is done 2 or 3 months before the seedlings were transferred to a garden nursery.

4. Maintenance Nurseries / Seeding
In the nursery the seeds sown in the bolt (line) with a distance of 50-10 cm. Seeds should not be submerged in deep, deep enough seeds, ie 1 cm. With good maintenance, the seeds will grow after 3 weeks of planting. NASA POC Spray once a week dose of 2 cap / tank

5. Seed removal
The seeds are grown, around the age of 2-3 months can be moved at the beginning of the rainy season.

PLANTING MEDIA PROCESSING
1. Preparation
Land cleared of grass, shrubs and other impurities, then hoe / hijacked and digemburkan.

2. Establishment of beds
- Form-sized bed width 200-250 cm, height 20-30 cm, long enough, the distance between beds of 60 cm.
- Make a hole the size of 50 x 50 x 40 cm above the bed, with a spacing of 2 x 2.5 m.

3. Liming
If the land to be planted with papaya acidic (pH less than 5), after being given a mature manure, it should be added ± 1 kg Dolomite and allow 1-2 weeks.

4. Fertilization
Before the fertilizer, the soil will be planted with papaya must be dried one week, then cover with soil mixture of three tin manure that has been cooked or by SUPERNASA.

PLANTING TECHNIQUES
1. Preparation of Planting Holes
- Planting hole measures 60 x 60 x 40 cm, were excavated in march. Let the empty holes in order to get enough sunlight. - - After the holes have been filled with soil mixed with manure 2-3 tin. If manure is not available can be used SUPERNASA by planting kelubang poured a dose of 1 tablespoon makan/10 lt of water before planting. Hole - a hole that is covered mound convex 2-3 days left until the ground settles. After that the holes are ready for planting. The holes are made over 1-2 months of planting.
- If the seed is planted directly into the garden, then the hole - the planting hole should be dug in advance. The holes for planting the seeds must be completed ± 5 months before the rainy season.

2. Planting Method
Each hole is filled with fruit seeds 3-4. A few months later the plant will be seen that male and female or androgynous.

PLANT MAINTENANCE
1. Thinning and Stitching
Crop thinning done to obtain a female plant several trees in addition to male. This is done when the plant starts flowering.

2. Weeding
Papaya orchard gardens as well as other fruits, it requires weeding (weed removal). When and how many times have weeded the garden could not be ascertained with the firm, depending on the circumstances.

3. Pembubunan
Papaya orchard gardens as well as other fruits, require pendangiran ground. When and how many times must didangiri garden can not be ascertained with the firm, depending on the circumstances.

4. Fertilization
Papaya trees require a lot of fertilizer, especially organic fertilizer, providing nutrients that are needed and can maintain soil moisture.
Method of fertilizer application:
- Each week after planting give chemical fertilizers, ZA 50 grams, 25 grams of urea, 50 grams of TSP and 25 grams of KCl, mixed and planted in a circle.
- One month later did the second fertilization with the composition of ZA 75 grams, 35 grams of urea, 75 grams of TSP, and 40 grams of KCl
- At the age of 3-5 months to do the third fertilization ZA with the same 75 grams, 50 grams of urea, 75 gramTSP, 50 grams of KCl
- Age 6 months and 1 month onwards once fertilized with 100 grams of ZA, 60 grams of urea, 75 gramTSP, and 75 grams of KCl
- Pour SUPERNASA into the planting hole with a dose of 1 teaspoon makan/10 liters of water every 1-2 months
- Spray NASA POC dose of 3 cap / tank every 1-2 weeks after planting until the age of 2-3 months
- After 3 months of age spray with NASA POC 3-4 cap plus HORMONIK dose 1-2 cap / tank.
- Spraying of the liver - the liver at the time of flowering so as not taxable flower that blooms or more can safely be poured.

5. Irrigation and Watering
Papaya plants need sufficient water but do not hold standing water. Then the irrigation and drainage should be regulated carefully. Especially in areas with lots of rain and landless clay, then it must be made ditches. In the dry season, papaya plants should be watered frequently.

Pests and diseases
Plant lice (aphids sp., Mites). Subtle body length of 2-3 mm in green, yellow or black. Having a pair of protrusions on the back of the stomach tube, grouse and long legs. Adult fleas, there are winged and not. Damage plants by sucking the fluid with a suction pencucuk long in the mouth.
Control: Spray with Natural BVR or alternately PESTONA
The disease is often detrimental to plant papaya is a disease caused by mildew, mosaic virus, fall nursery, fruit rot, root neck, base of the stem and nematodes.
Disease die by the fungus Phytophthora flunky diisebabkan parasitica, P. palmivora and Pythium aphanidermatum. Attacking papaya fruit and stems. Means of prevention: A good lawn care, hygiene, and drainage and distribute Natural GLIO into the planting hole, while the root rot disease caused by fungus Meloidogyne incognita.
Nematodes. If the land has been planted with papaya, papaya plant is recommended not to return, to prevent nematode attack. Plants that are infected by nematodes cause leaf yellowing, wilting and death. Control: Pour into the planting hole PESTONA

HARVEST AND POST HARVEST
1. Characteristics and Harvest
Papaya plants can be harvested after 9-12 months old. Papaya fruit should be picked when the fruit was giving signs of maturity: the color of the fruit skin turning yellow. But still many farmers who pick fruit at a time not too ripe.

2. How to Harvest
Harvesting is done in various ways, generally harvest / picking is done by using the "songgo" (a bamboo at half-cone-shaped tip that is useful to keep the fruit does not fall when plucked).

3. Harvest Period
Harvesting is done every 10 days.

Salak tree

1. BRIEF HISTORY
Salak plants is one of the preferred fruit crops and have good prospects for exploitation. Its area of ​​origin is unclear, but presumably from Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. There are also saying that the plant bark (Salacca edulis) originating from the island of Java. In the colonial period salak seeds brought by merchants to spread throughout Indonesia, even to the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Thailand.

2. TYPES OF PLANTS
In this world, known for barking wildly, as Salacca dransfieldiana JP Mo-GEA; S. JP magnifera Mogea; S. minuta; S. multiflora and S. romosiana. Besides barking wild, wild barking is still known more as Salacca rumphili Wallich ex. Blume also called S. wallichiana, C. Martus called rakum / kumbar (popular in Thailand) as a maker of fresh sour on the cuisine. Kumbar is not thorny, flowers married 2 (dioeciious). Salak including family: Palmae (palm-paleman), monocots, long leaves with a strong main veins as in the coconut, called a stick. All parts sharp spiny leaves a short trunk, lamakelamaan rising to 3 m or more, finally collapsed unable to carry loads too heavy crown of leaves (not comparable with a small trunk).

Many varieties of bark that can grow in global. There are young is sweet, varieties that have been released by the government to be developed are: salak pondoh, swaru, nglumut, Enrekang, rock sugar (Bali), and others. Actually kind of barking that exist in Indonesia there are three striking differences, namely: salak Java Salacca zalacca (Gaertner) Voss of seed grain 2-3, salak Bali Slacca amboinensis (Becc) Mogea the seed 1-2 grains, and salak Padang Sidempuan Salacca sumatrana (Becc) the fleshy red. This type of bark it has a high commercial value.

3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS
Salak fruit is only eaten fresh or made sweets and pickles. At this time barking sweets made with the skin, unpeeled. The trunk can not be used for building materials or firewood. Ripe fruit is presented as a table fruit. Traded fresh fruit bunches are usually still in or have been released (Petilan). Fruits were picked at month 4 or 5 are usually to be made sweets.

4. INVESTMENT CENTER
Salak plants widely available in DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, DI Yogyakarta, East Java, North Sumatra, North Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Maluku, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara and West Kalimantan.

5. TERMS petumbuhan
5.1. Climate
1. Plants ssalak fit when grown in the area of ​​climate berzona Aa bcd, Babc and CBC. A high mean number of wet months (11-12 months / years), B: 8-10 months / year and C: 5-7 months / year.
2. Salak will grow well in areas with average rainfall per year 200-400 mm / month. Rainfall monthly average of more than 100 mm is considered in the wet months. Mean bark requires a degree of wetness or high humidity.
3. Salak plants do not tolerate full sun (100%), but just 50-70%, because it is necessary to plant shade.
4. The best temperature between 20-30 ° C. Salak require high humidity, but can not stand waterlogging.

5.2. Ground
1. Salak plants like rich soil, crumbly and moist.
2. The degree of soil acidity (pH) is suitable for the cultivation of salak is 4.5 to 7.5. Salak garden can not stand waterlogging. For growth requires high humidity.

5.3. Altitude Place
Salak plants grown at altitude 100-500 m above sea level.

6. FARMING GUIDELINES
6.1. Nurseries
One factor to consider in seeking salak plants is the use of improved seed and quality. Salak plants is an annual plant, therefore errors in the use of seed will be bad in pengusahaannya, although given the technical culture of good treatment will not provide the desired results, so that the issued capital will not come back because of losses in farming. To avoid such problems, there should be a good way of salak seedlings. Seeding can be derived from the seeds of salak (generative) or from seedlings (vegetative).

Generative breeding nurseries are using a good seed obtained from the parent tree that has good qualities, namely: quickly bear fruit, fruit throughout the year, a lot of fruits and uniform, good plant growth, resistance to pests and diseases and environmental influences less favorable.

Advantages generative seed multiplication:
a) can be done easily and inexpensively
b) obtained seed lots
c) the resulting plants grow healthier and live longer
d) to transport seeds and seed saving easier
e) The resulting plants have strong roots that fall down and drought resistant
f) allowing the properties held in the form of crossing improvements.

Disadvantages generative propagation:
a) the quality of the fruit produced is not exactly the same as the parent tree because of possible cross-pollination
b) somewhat difficult to know whether the seeds that produced male or female.

1) Requirements Seeds
To get good seed to seed should be selected that will be used as seed. Terms of seeds that will be used as seed:
a) seeds from parent trees are eligible.
b) The fruit of the seeds should be taken in the quotation at the time of age.
c) Have the power to grow at least 85%.
d) Large seed size is not uniform and defect.
e) healthy seed is not attacked by pests and diseases.
f) Seed pure and not mixed with other impurities.

2) Preparation of Seeds
a) Seeds from Seed:
1. Salak seeds cleaned from the remnants of flesh still attached.
2. Soak in water for 24 hours, then washed.
b) Seeds of Puppies
1. Choose a puppy is good and comes from a good parent
2. Prepare the bamboo strips, then filled with soil media
3) Seeds Seeding Techniques
a) Seeds from Seed
1. Salak seeds that have been soaked and washed, put into plastic bags that have been perforated (wet gunny sacks), and then placed in the shade and moist until germination 20-30 days old
2. One month later given Urea, TSP and KCl, each 5 grams, every 2-3 weeks
3. In order for the humidity up, do the watering every day
b) Seeds of puppies with a wooden tub nursery:
1. Create a wooden tub with a size of 25 cm height, width and length adapted to the needs of
2. Filled with fertile and friable soil 15-20 cm thick
3. Above ground diiisi 5-10 cm thick sand
4. Direction North South nursery and given shelter facing East
5. Seeds soaked in a solution of hormones such as Atonik for 1 hour, the solution concentration from 0.01 to 0.02 cc / liter of water
6. Planting seeds in nursery tanks with a distance of 10 x 10 cm
7. Directions seeds buried in an upright position, tilt / fall with the buds underneath.
Maintenance Nurseries / Seeding
For seedlings from seeds, seedlings media is polybag with size 20 x 25 cm filled with soil mixed with a 2:1 ratio of manure. After the seed or sprout new seedlings 20-30 days old was transferred to polybags.

Nursery with saplings system, bamboo is placed just below the puppies barking, then watered every day. After 1 month of the roots have grown and puppies separated from its mother, then planted in polybags. Urea, TSP, KCl is given once a month as much as a spoon
5) The transfer of Seeds
For seedlings from seeds, after 4 months old salak seedlings transferred to new farmland. For the nursery of saplings, after 6 months of the new seedlings can be transferred to the field.

Land Treatment
1) Preparation
Determination of salak plantation areas for ease of transport must consider the factors and sources of water.
2) Land Opening
a) Dismantling of plants that are not needed and turn off the grass and remove weeds and shrubs from planting areas.
b) Plowing the soil to remove chunks of soil that is too large.

6.3. Planting techniques
1) Making Hole Park
Planting hole is made with size 30 x 30 x 30 cm with a spacing of 1 x 4 m, 2 x 2 m or 1.5 x 2.5 m. The size of the hole can also be made 50 x 50 x 40 cm, spaced 2 x 4 m or 3 x 4 m. Each hole is given manure that has become as much as 10 kg.
2) How Investment
Seeds are planted directly in the hole as much as 3-4 seeds per hole. A month later the seeds began to grow
3) Other
To avoid full sun, salak plants grown under shade plants such as coconut, durian, lamptoro and so on. If the land is still no shade plants, shade plants can be planted while the banana-like plant. Spacing is adjusted according to the size of the shade tree canopy area for example, coconut is planted with a distance of 10 x 10 m, durian 12 x 12 m and lamtoro 12 x 12 m.

6.4. Plant Maintenance
To avoid full sun, salak plants grown under shade plants such as coconut, durian, lamptoro and so on. If the land is still no shade plants, shade plants can be planted while the banana-like plant. Spacing is adjusted according to the size of the shade tree canopy area for example, coconut is planted with a distance of 10 x 10 m, durian 12 x 12 m and lamtoro 12 x 12 m.
1.
Thinning and Stitching
To obtain a large-sized fruit, so when the cluster has begun meeting to be thinning. Thinning is usually done on a month to 4 or 5.

Stitching done on young plants or newly planted, but dead or stunted growth or less good, or too many plants such as females. For the purpose of replanting crops we need a backup (usually needs to be provided 10%) of the total, the rest with other crops. Early rainy season is very appropriate to do embroidery. Plant reserves transferred by way round, which included some of the dirt that covered the area roots. When dismantling the plant, the base as well as our land with plastic wrap so that the roots of the academy on the inside is protected from damage, done with caution.
2. Weeding
Weeding is to remove and memebersihan grass or other weeds that grow in the garden barking. Weeds are prevalent in the call if not eradicated this weed will be a competitor for salak plants in getting nutrients and water.

The first weeding is done when the plants were 2 months after seeds are planted, the next weeding done every 3 months until the plant is a year old. After that weeding be conducted every 6 months or 2 times a year, performed at the beginning and end of the rainy season.
3. Pembubunan
While doing weeding, tilling and well done to the main land pembumbunan salak plants. This is done to save on labor costs also for the efficiency of care. Land digemburkan hoe to form a mound or bumbunan that serves to strengthen the roots and stem bark of plants in place. Bumbunan not to damage the existing ditch.
4. Perempalan / Trimming
The leaves are old and useless must be trimmed. Also the leaves are too thick or damaged pest attacked. Shoots should be thinned to a spacing that is too much, especially close moments of fruiting plants (perempalan). With pruning, plant clumps salak garden not too thick so that the moist and stale air circulation due to substandard service. Pruning also helps the spread of food in order not only to the leaves or vegetative parts, but also to the flower, fruit or generative part in a balanced manner.

Prune every two months, but at the time of flowering or fruiting approached us to do more frequent pruning, which is 1 month 1 time.

If the clumps are several barking puppy, do so before the plants bear fruit saplings reduction. One family we just barked reserving 1 or 2 tillers. 3-4 maximum amount of fruit saplings on a clump. When more than it will interfere with the productivity of plant seedling.

Trimming leaves bark should arrive at the base of pelepahnya. Do not just cut in half or portion of a leaf, because the left has actually been of no use to plants.

Pruning at the time of harvest should continue through dilakuakan. Pruning tools should use a cleaver or sharp saws. Pruning is carried out at the time and the right way will help the plants grow well and optimally.
5. Fertilization
All materials provided on the plant with the aim of providing additional nutrients to improve crop growth and production of so-called fertilizer. There is provided through local fertilizer plant roots (root fertilizer). Fertilizer provided by spraying through plant leaves (leaf fertilizer). There are two kinds of fertilizers: organic and inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are manure, green manure, compost, plant ash, blood meal and so on. Inorganic fertilizers are: Ure, TSP, KCL, ZA, NPK Hidrasil, Gandasil, Super Phosphate, folan Bay, Green Zit, and so on. Organic fertilizers are often given to the plant bark is manure.

Age of plants:
a) 0-12 months (1 x month): Manure 1000, 5 grams of Urea, TSP 5 grams, 5 grams of KCl.
b) 12-24 months (1 x 2 months): 10 grams Urea, TSP 10 grams, 10 grams of KCl.
c) 24-36 months (1 x 3 months): 15 grams Urea, TSP 15 grams, 15 grams of KCl.
d) 36-ff (1 x 6 months): 20 grams of Urea, TSP 20 grams, 20 grams of KCl.
6. Irrigation and Watering
Rainwater is a natural spray for plants, but difficult to manage rainwater to fit the needs of plants. Precipitation will largely be lost through evaporation, percolation and runoff. Fraction retained in the root zone, the remaining water is often not meet the needs of plants. In the cultivation of salak, during growth, the need for water must be adequate, for that we need to give water to the time, manner and amount as appropriate.
7. Other Maintenance
Once planted in the garden we make of bamboo or wood supports to keep the plants do not collapse.

7. Pests and diseases
7.1. Pest
1. Lice wool / white (Cerataphis sp.)
These pests lurking on the sidelines of the fruit.
2. Bud weevil (Omotemnus sp ..)
3. Stem weevil
Attacking the tip of young leaves (the youngest), then will go into the trunk. This does not cause the death of the plant, but will grow a lot of chicks in the trunk.
Control: off or by dripping a solution of insecticide (Diazenon) with a dose of 2 cc per liter at the end of the affected leaves or by spraying. In this case sought an insecticide can get into the old hole digerek.
Insert the wire ends taper into the hole made up of the pest beetles.
4. Boar, squirrels, rats and mongoose
Control: (1) to eradicate wild pigs, carried out with special shooting, or a fenced garden with salak salak salak-male meetings. It would be better if salak garden fence with barbed wire, (2) to eradicate rats, used phosphit Zink, klerat and lainlain; (3) to eradicate Civet and Squirrel, can be used to feed bananas to enter Furadan 3 G How: banana split, approximately 0.5 grams of Furadan put into it, then bananas are sewn and used as bait.

7.2. Disease
1. Disease that often attacks the bark is white fungus compatriots,
Symptoms: rotting fruit. Fruits are attacked by this disease so the quality is declining, because skin color does not bark so interesting.
Control: reduced soil moisture, which reduces the protective trees.
2. Black spot
Cause: The fungus Pestalotia sp.
Symptoms: the spots on the leaf-bercakhitam barking.
3. Red rot (pink)
Cause: The fungus Corticium salmonicolor.
Symptoms: The presence of decay in fruit and stem.
Control: diseased and infected leaves should be cut and burned in a particular place.

7.3. Weeds

In some places on the island of Java, the land was built in the former rice fields barked. So that automatically weeds that dominate the garden are weeds commonly found in rice fields. Because of the usual rice fields flooded and drained soil dibumbun the weeds that survive are the narrow-leaved weeds spread and grow very little there in the fields. Tall thin weeds that are trunked, leafy in the rice fields the length of which is generally less able to survive. That's why the former land of weeds in rice fields are relatively fewer. Control manually with a hoe dikored or even adequate.

Chemical eradication of weeds in orchards has not been commonly implemented salak. For land that is not how broad, farmers still use manual way (pulling grass by hand, dikored or hoe). If the land is wide enough bark, as well as newly opened, there are certainly lots of weeds difficult to eradicate once and only by hand. For such situations need to use herbicides, because labor costs are relatively inexpensive and the results more quickly. Reactions of chemicals in killing weeds is also very fast. Herbicides have a negative pengruh, because they contain toxins that can harm other living beings including animals and humans. Herbicides to be used in accordance with the type of weeds need to be eradicated. Inappropriate choice will waste costs. Weeds of the class of grasses can be eradicated with herbicides Gramoxone, Gesapas, Basta or Diuron. Of class-tekian puzzles can be eradicated with the Goal. Reeds can be eradicated with Round-up or Sun-ups. While the broad-leaved plants that can be overcome by Fernimine. There are also herbicides that can eradicate some types of weeds.

8. P A N E N

Fruits of good quality is obtained when the harvesting done at a good level of maturity. Fruits not yet ripe, it will feel when the withheld sepet and not sweet. Then harvesting dengancara quotation choose, this is where the difficulty lies. So we have to really know the fruits that are old but not yet ripe.
8.1. Characteristics and Harvest
PBuah bark can be harvested when ripe in the trees, typically 6 months old after anthesis (anthesis). It is characterized by scales that have been rare, red fruit skin color blackish or dark yellow, and the feathers have been lost. End of the fruit skin (the fruit that tapers) feels soft when pressed. Signs of old fruit, according to other sources are: the color is shiny (greasy), when plucked easily detached from the stem bark of fruit and flavorful.
8.2. How to Harvest
How to harvest: because the fruits are not cooked together, then carried the quotation chosen. To consider in picking whether these fruits will keep for months or eaten immediately. When will keep for months, picking done at the old fruits (Java: gemadung), so do not be too old dipohon. Masir salak fruit is not durable stored. Harvesting is done by cutting the fruit stalk tandannya.
8.3. Harvest Period
Salak plants in the harvest period there are four seasons:
1) Harvest feast in November, December and January
2) Harvest is in May, June and July
3) The small harvest in the months February, March and April.
4) The empty / rest in the months August, September and October. If in these months there are fruits so-called fruit slandren. According to other sources of fruits are harvested between the months of October to January.

8.3. Estimated Production
In the cultivation of salak, the results can be achieved in one growing season is 15 tons per hectare.

9. POST-HARVEST
Like other fruits, fruits are easily damaged and not durable. Damage is characterized by the smell of rotting flesh and the fruit becomes mushy and brownish. Once the fruits are picked still continue the process of his life in the form of physiological processes (changes in color, respiration, the process of biochemical and functional reforms in the presence of spoilage by microorganisms). So that the fruits can not be stored long in a fresh condition, it is necessary to post-harvest handling.
9.1. Collection
Warehouse serves as the receiver is collecting fruits from the farmers or the garden. In a warehouse collecting is done: sorting, grading and packaging.
9.2. Sorting and Classification
Sorting / selection aims to choose a good fruit, not disabled, and worthy of export. uga aims to clean up the fruits of the various materials which are useful as stalks, twigs and dirt. The material is cut with a knife, scythe, pruning shears are not sharp so that rust does not cause damage to the fruit.

Grading / classification aims to:
a) get the pieces are uniform (size and quality)
b) facilitate the preparation of the container / crate / container equipment
c) get a higher price
d) stimulate buying interest
e) that the calculations easier
f) to estimate the revenue while.

This classification can be based on: heavy, large, shape, form, color, style, free from the presence or absence of disease and disability / injury. All were put into classes and groups on their own.
a) Salak AA quality (really super, yellowish, 1kg = 12 pieces)
b) quality Salak AB (not too big, not too small, and healthy)
c) quality Salak C (for sweets, 1kg = 25 - 30 pieces)
d) quality Salak BS (rotten or half broken), not sold.

9.3. Packaging and Transport
The purpose of packaging is to protect the fruits from damage, ease in preparation, either in transport or in storage and to simplify the calculation. There is a packaging for fresh fruit and sweets for barking.

Packaging for fresh fruit:
a) The equipment must be perforated packaging
b) must be strong, so that fruits are protected from outside pressures
c) can be transported easily
d) packaging size should be adjusted by the number of fruit.

Packaging for sweets salak: packed in sealed cans that have dipastursasi so that all microbes such as fungi, yeast, bacteria and enzymes can die and will not cause the decomposition process. For sweets, dried, usually packed in plastic.

Freight is an important link in the handling, storage and distribution of fruits. The requirements for the transport of fruits:
a) Transportation must be done quickly and precisely.
b) Packaging and transport of the appropriate conditions to ensure the preservation of high quality.
c) Expectations of a considerable advantage with the use of adequate transport facilities.

10. STANDARD PRODUCTION
10.1. Scope
These standards include quality requirements, means quality testing, sampling means and ways of packaging barking.
10.2. Description
Salak is the fruit of crops were barking (Salacca adulia Reinw) in a state quite old, intact, fresh and clean. Salak quality standards in Indonesia Indonesia is listed in the National Standards SNI 01-3167-1992.
10.3. Classification and Quality Standards
This type of bark quality in three sizes, namely large, medium and small. Based on the weight, each classified into two types namely Quality I and Quality II Quality, size, weight 61 grams or more per piece, medium size, weight 33-60 grams per fruit and small size, weight of 32 grams or less per piece .
a) Rate of aging: an old uniform quality I, II is not very mature quality, organoleptic test methods
b) Hardness: hard quality I, II hardware quality, organoleptic test methods
c) Damage to Fruit Leather: whole fruit skin quality I, II quality intact, test methods Organoleptic
d) Size: uniform quality I, II uniform quality, how to test SP-SMP-310-1981
e) Rot (weight / weight): I 1% of quality, quality II 1%, how to test SP-SMP-311-1981
f) Manure: the quality of free I, II-free quality, organoleptic test methods

10.4. Sampling
1) Salak in Package
Sample taken at random from the amount of packaging d as shown below. Of each packing as much as 2 kg sample taken from the top, middle and bottom. Examples of these were randomized stratified (stratified random sampling) to obtain a minimum of 2 kg for analysis.
1. Number of packs in the party (lots): s/d100, samples taken 5.
2. Number of packs in the party (lots): 101-300 samples taken 7.
3. Number of packs in the party (lots): 301-500 samples taken 9.
4. Number of packs in the party (lots): 501-1000 samples taken 10.
5. Number of packs in the party (lots)> 1000 samples taken 15 min.
2) Salak in rainfall (in bulk)
Sample taken at random according dengqan total amount of weight as shown below. These examples are taken the upper, middle, bottom as well as various angles are mixed, then were randomized stratified (stratified random sampling) to obtain a minimum of 2 kg for analysis.
1. Number of lots weight (kg): <200, the samples taken <10.
2. Number of lots weight (kg): 201-500, samples taken 20.
3. Number of lots weight (kg): 501-1000, samples taken 30.
4. Number of lots weight (kg): 1001-5000, samples taken 60.
5. Number of lots weight (kg):> 5000, samples taken min. 100.

10.5 Packaging
Salak packed in baskets, bamboo baskets, crates or other packaging in accordance with the maximum net weight of 40 kg. Dry leaves, paper or other materials can be used as an insulator. The contents of the packaging does not exceed the cap.

At the outside basket / packaging is labeled that read, among others:
a) Name of goods
b) The type of quality
c) Name / company code / exporters
d) Group size
e) Net weight
f) Production of Indonesia
g) Country / place of destination
h) Region of origin